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Neonatal Care: A Compendium of AAP Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policies (2nd Edition)
By
American Academy of Pediatrics
American Academy of Pediatrics
Search for other works by this author on:
American Academy of Pediatrics
ISBN electronic:
978-1-61002-416-7
ISBN print:
978-1-61002-415-0
Publication date:
March 2023
Neonatal Care: A Compendium of AAP Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policies, 2nd Edition, provides the most recent and trustworthy content and recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Fetus and Newborn and other relevant AAP committees, sections, and councils. This compendium contains the collected AAP clinical practice guidelines, policy statements, and clinical and technical reports related to the quality care of newborns and infants. Available for purchase at https://www.aap.org/neonatal-care-a-compendium-of-aap-clinical-practice-guidelines-and-policies-2nd-edition-paperback/
Neonatal Care: A Compendium of AAP Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policies
By: American Academy of Pediatrics
https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610024167
ISBN (print): 978-1-61002-415-0
ISBN (electronic): 978-1-61002-416-7
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: 2023
Download citation file:
Table of Contents
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p1-34
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Hospital Stay for Healthy Term Newborn Infantsp11-16ByWilliam E. Benitz, MD, FAAPWilliam E. Benitz, MD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:
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Providing Care for Infants Born at Homep17-22ByKristi Watterberg, MD, FAAPKristi Watterberg, MD, FAAPDepartment of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New MexicoSearch for other works by this author on:
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p35-88
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Newborn Screening for Biliary Atresiap63-70ByKasper S. Wang, MD, FAAP, FACSKasper S. Wang, MD, FAAP, FACSSearch for other works by this author on:
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Routine Neuroimaging of the Preterm Brainp71-78ByIvan L. Hand, MD, FAAP;Ivan L. Hand, MD, FAAPaDepartment of Pediatrics, New York City Health 1 Hospitals/Kings County, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New YorkSearch for other works by this author on:Renée A. Shellhaas, MD, MS, FAAP;Renée A. Shellhaas, MD, MS, FAAPbPediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MichiganSearch for other works by this author on:Sarah S. Milla, MD, FAAPSarah S. Milla, MD, FAAPcDepartments of Radiology and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GeorgiaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Screening Examination of Premature Infants for Retinopathy of Prematurityp70-88ByWalter M. Fierson, MD, FAAPWalter M. Fierson, MD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:
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p89-150
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Apnea of Prematurityp99-106ByEric C. Eichenwald, MD, FAAPEric C. Eichenwald, MD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:
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Promoting Human Milk and Breastfeeding for the Very Low Birth Weight Infantp117-132ByMargaret G. Parker, MD, MPH;Margaret G. Parker, MD, MPHaDepartment of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for other works by this author on:Lisa M. Stellwagen, MD;Lisa M. Stellwagen, MDbUniversity of California Health Milk Bank, San Diego, CaliforniacDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Health, San Diego, CaliforniaSearch for other works by this author on:Lawrence Noble, MD;Lawrence Noble, MDdDepartment of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New YorkeNew York City Health 1 Hospitals/Elmhurst, Elmhurst, New YorkSearch for other works by this author on:Jae H. Kim, MD, PhD;Jae H. Kim, MD, PhDfDivision of Neonatology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OhioSearch for other works by this author on:Brenda B. Poindexter, MD;Brenda B. Poindexter, MDgChildren’s Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GeorgiaSearch for other works by this author on:Karen M. Puopolo, MD, PhDKaren M. Puopolo, MD, PhDhDepartment of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Updates on an At-Risk Population: Late-Preterm and Early-Term Infantsp133-142ByDan L. Stewart, MD, FAAP;Dan L. Stewart, MD, FAAPaSchool of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KentuckySearch for other works by this author on:Wanda D. Barfield, MD, MPH, FAAP, RADM, USPHSWanda D. Barfield, MD, MPH, FAAP, RADM, USPHSbCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GeorgiaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Use of Probiotics in Preterm Infantsp143-150ByBrenda Poindexter, MD, MS, FAAPBrenda Poindexter, MD, MS, FAAPChildren’s Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GeorgiaSearch for other works by this author on:
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p153-208
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Noninvasive Respiratory Supportp157-168ByRichard A. Polin, MD, FAAPRichard A. Polin, MD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:
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Oxygen Targeting in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infantsp169-178ByRichard A. Polin, MD, FAAPRichard A. Polin, MD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:
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Postnatal Corticosteroids to Prevent or Treat Chronic Lung Disease Following Preterm Birthp179-188ByJames J. Cummings, MD, MS, FAAP;James J. Cummings, MD, MS, FAAPaDepartment of Pediatrics and Bioethics, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New YorkSearch for other works by this author on:Arun K. Pramanik, MD, FAAPArun K. Pramanik, MD, FAAPbDepartment of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LouisianaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Surfactant Replacement Therapy for Preterm and Term Neonates With Respiratory Distressp193-200ByWaldemar A. Carlo, MD, FAAPWaldemar A. Carlo, MD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:
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p209-276
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Management of Infants at Risk for Group B Streptococcal Diseasep229-246ByKaren M. Puopolo, MD, PhD, FAAP;Karen M. Puopolo, MD, PhD, FAAPaDepartment of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniabChildren’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSearch for other works by this author on:Ruth Lynfield, MD, FAAP;Ruth Lynfield, MD, FAAPcMinnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MinnesotaSearch for other works by this author on:James J. Cummings, MD, MS, FAAPJames J. Cummings, MD, MS, FAAPdDepartments of Pediatrics and Bioethics, Alden March Bioethics Institute, Albany Medical College, Albany, New YorkSearch for other works by this author on:
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Management of Neonates Born at ≥35 0/7 Weeks’ Gestation With Suspected or Proven Early-Onset Bacterial Sepsisp247-256ByKaren M. Puopolo, MD, PhD, FAAP;Karen M. Puopolo, MD, PhD, FAAPaDepartment of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniabChildren’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaSearch for other works by this author on:William E. Benitz, MD, FAAP;William E. Benitz, MD, FAAPcDivision of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CaliforniaSearch for other works by this author on:Theoklis E. Zaoutis, MD, MSCE, FAAPTheoklis E. Zaoutis, MD, MSCE, FAAPaDepartment of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniadRoberts Center for Pediatric Research, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Management of Neonates Born at ≤34 6/7 Weeks’ Gestation With Suspected or Proven Early-Onset Bacterial Sepsisp257-266ByKaren M. Puopolo, MD, PhD, FAAP;Karen M. Puopolo, MD, PhD, FAAPaDepartment of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniabChildren’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaSearch for other works by this author on:William E. Benitz, MD, FAAP;William E. Benitz, MD, FAAPcDivision of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CaliforniaSearch for other works by this author on:Theoklis E. Zaoutis, MD, MSCE, FAAPTheoklis E. Zaoutis, MD, MSCE, FAAPaDepartment of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniadRoberts Center for Pediatric Research, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSearch for other works by this author on:
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p277-456
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Clinical Practice Guideline Revision: Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestationp285-332ByAlex R. Kemper, MD, MPH, MS, FAAP;Alex R. Kemper, MD, MPH, MS, FAAPaDivision of Primary Care Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OhioSearch for other works by this author on:Thomas B. Newman, MD, MPH, FAAP;Thomas B. Newman, MD, MPH, FAAPbDepartments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaSearch for other works by this author on:Jonathan L. Slaughter, MD, MPH, FAAP;Jonathan L. Slaughter, MD, MPH, FAAPcCenter for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OhioSearch for other works by this author on:M. Jeffrey Maisels, MB BCh, DSc, FAAP;M. Jeffrey Maisels, MB BCh, DSc, FAAPdDepartment of Pediatrics, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MichiganSearch for other works by this author on:Jon F. Watchko, MD, FAAP;Jon F. Watchko, MD, FAAPeDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaSearch for other works by this author on:Stephen M. Downs, MD, MS;Stephen M. Downs, MD, MSfDepartment of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North CarolinaSearch for other works by this author on:Randall W. Grout, MD, MS, FAAP;Randall W. Grout, MD, MS, FAAPgChildren’s Health Services Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IndianaSearch for other works by this author on:David G. Bundy, MD, MPH, FAAP;David G. Bundy, MD, MPH, FAAPhMedical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South CarolinaSearch for other works by this author on:Ann R. Stark, MD, FAAP;Ann R. Stark, MD, FAAPiDepartment of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for other works by this author on:Debra L. Bogen, MD, FAAP;Debra L. Bogen, MD, FAAPjAllegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaSearch for other works by this author on:Alison Volpe Holmes, MD, MPH, FAAP;Alison Volpe Holmes, MD, MPH, FAAPkGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Children's Hospital at Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New HampshireSearch for other works by this author on:Lori B. Feldman-Winter, MD, MPH, FAAP;Lori B. Feldman-Winter, MD, MPH, FAAPlDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New JerseySearch for other works by this author on:Vinod K. Bhutani, MD;Vinod K. Bhutani, MDmDepartment of Pediatrics, Neonatal and Developmental Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CaliforniaSearch for other works by this author on:Steven R. Brown, MD, FAAFP;Steven R. Brown, MD, FAAFPnUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix Family Medicine Residency, Phoenix, ArizonaSearch for other works by this author on:Gabriela M. Maradiaga Panayotti, MD, FAAP;Gabriela M. Maradiaga Panayotti, MD, FAAPoDivision of Primary Care, Duke Children’s Hospital and Health Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaSearch for other works by this author on:Kymika Okechukwu, MPA;Kymika Okechukwu, MPApDepartment of Quality, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, IllinoisSearch for other works by this author on:Peter D. Rappo, MD, FAAP;Peter D. Rappo, MD, FAAPqSouth Shore Hospital, South Weymouth, MassachusettsSearch for other works by this author on:Terri L. Russell, DNP, APN, NNP-BCTerri L. Russell, DNP, APN, NNP-BCrNational Association of Neonatal Nurses, Chicago, IllinoisSearch for other works by this author on:
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Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Preterm Infantsp333-342ByEric C. Eichenwald, MD, FAAPEric C. Eichenwald, MD, FAAPDepartment of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndromep371-388ByStephen W. Patrick, MD, MPH, MS, FAAP;Stephen W. Patrick, MD, MPH, MS, FAAPaDivision of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Health Policy, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt Center for Child Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TennesseeSearch for other works by this author on:Wanda D. Barfield, MD, MPH, FAAP;Wanda D. Barfield, MD, MPH, FAAPbCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GeorgiaSearch for other works by this author on:Brenda B. Poindexter, MD, MS, FAAPBrenda B. Poindexter, MD, MS, FAAPcDepartment of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati Children’s Medical Hospital Center, Cincinnati, OhioSearch for other works by this author on:
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infantsp389-394ByWilliam E. Benitz, MD, FAAPWilliam E. Benitz, MD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:
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Recognition and Management of Cardiovascular Insufficiency in the Very Low Birth Weight Newbornp431-444ByJay P. Goldsmith, MD, FAAP;Jay P. Goldsmith, MD, FAAPaDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LouisianaSearch for other works by this author on:Erin Keels, DNP, APRN-CNP, NNP-BCErin Keels, DNP, APRN-CNP, NNP-BCbNeonatal Practitioner Program, Neonatal Services, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OhioSearch for other works by this author on:
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Risks of Infectious Diseases in Newborns Exposed to Alternative Perinatal Practicesp445-456ByDawn Nolt, MD, MPH, FAAP;Dawn Nolt, MD, MPH, FAAPaDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OregonSearch for other works by this author on:Sean T. O’Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP;Sean T. O’Leary, MD, MPH, FAAPbDivisions of Infectious Diseases and General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus/Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, ColoradoSearch for other works by this author on:Susan W. Aucott, MD, FAAPSusan W. Aucott, MD, FAAPcDivision of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MarylandSearch for other works by this author on:
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p457-488
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Safe Sleep and Skin-to-Skin Care in the Neonatal Period for Healthy Term Newbornsp459-470ByLori Feldman-Winter, MD, MPH, FAAP;Lori Feldman-Winter, MD, MPH, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Jay P. Goldsmith, MD, FAAPJay P. Goldsmith, MD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:
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Transition to a Safe Home Sleep Environment for the NICU Patientp475-488ByMichael H. Goodstein, MD, FAAP;Michael H. Goodstein, MD, FAAPaDivision of Newborn Services, WellSpan Health, York, PennsylvaniabDepartment of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PennsylvaniaSearch for other works by this author on:Dan L. Stewart, MD, FAAP;Dan L. Stewart, MD, FAAPcDepartment of Pediatrics, Norton Children’s and School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KentuckySearch for other works by this author on:Erin L. Keels, DNP, APRN-CNP, NNP-BC;Erin L. Keels, DNP, APRN-CNP, NNP-BCdNational Association of Neonatal Nurse Practitioners, National Association of Neonatal Nurses, Chicago, IllinoiseNeonatal Advanced Practice, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OhioSearch for other works by this author on:Rachel Y. Moon, MD, FAAPRachel Y. Moon, MD, FAAPfDivision of General Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VirginiaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2022 Recommendations for Reducing Infant Deaths in the Sleep Environmentp491-512ByRachel Y. Moon, MD, FAAP;Rachel Y. Moon, MD, FAAPaDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VirginiaSearch for other works by this author on:Rebecca F. Carlin, MD, FAAP;Rebecca F. Carlin, MD, FAAPbDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, New YorkSearch for other works by this author on:Ivan Hand, MD, FAAPIvan Hand, MD, FAAPcDepartment of Pediatrics, SUNY-Downstate College of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals |Kings County, Brooklyn, New YorkSearch for other works by this author on:
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Standard Terminology for Fetal, Infant, and Perinatal Deathsp513-518ByWanda D. Barfield, MD, MPHWanda D. Barfield, MD, MPHSearch for other works by this author on:
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p519-612
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Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (Formerly Apparent Life-Threatening Events) and Evaluation of Lower-Risk Infantsp525-556ByJoel S. Tieder, MD, MPH, FAAP;Joel S. Tieder, MD, MPH, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Joshua L. Bonkowsky, MD, PhD, FAAP;Joshua L. Bonkowsky, MD, PhD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Ruth A. Etzel, MD, PhD, FAAP;Ruth A. Etzel, MD, PhD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Wayne H. Franklin, MD, MPH, MMM, FAAP;Wayne H. Franklin, MD, MPH, MMM, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:J. Lawrence Merritt, II, MD, FAAP;J. Lawrence Merritt, II, MD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Jack Percelay, MD, MPH, FAAP;Jack Percelay, MD, MPH, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Robert E. Sapién, MD, MMM, FAAP;Robert E. Sapién, MD, MMM, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Richard N. Shiffman, MD, MCIS, FAAP;Richard N. Shiffman, MD, MCIS, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Michael B.H. Smith, MB, FRCPCH, FAAPMichael B.H. Smith, MB, FRCPCH, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:
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Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (Formerly Apparent Life-Threatening Events) and Evaluation of Lower-Risk Infants: Executive Summaryp557-560ByJoel S. Tieder, MD, MPH, FAAP;Joel S. Tieder, MD, MPH, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Joshua L. Bonkowsky, MD, PhD, FAAP;Joshua L. Bonkowsky, MD, PhD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Ruth A. Etzel, MD, PhD, FAAP;Ruth A. Etzel, MD, PhD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Wayne H. Franklin, MD, MPH, MMM, FAAP;Wayne H. Franklin, MD, MPH, MMM, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:J. Lawrence Merritt, II, MD, FAAP;J. Lawrence Merritt, II, MD, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Jack Percelay, MD, MPH, FAAP;Jack Percelay, MD, MPH, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Robert E. Sapién, MD, MMM, FAAP;Robert E. Sapién, MD, MMM, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Richard N. Shiffman, MD, MCIS, FAAP;Richard N. Shiffman, MD, MCIS, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:Michael B.H. Smith, MB, FRCPCH, FAAPMichael B.H. Smith, MB, FRCPCH, FAAPSearch for other works by this author on:
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Disaster Preparedness in Neonatal Intensive Care Unitsp561-572ByWanda D. Barfield, MD, MPH, FAAP, RADM USPHS;Wanda D. Barfield, MD, MPH, FAAP, RADM USPHSaCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GeorgiaSearch for other works by this author on:Steven E. Krug, MD, FAAPSteven E. Krug, MD, FAAPbNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IllinoiscDepartment of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IllinoisSearch for other works by this author on:
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Neonatal Provider Workforcep585-598ByErin L. Keels, DNP, APRN-CNP, NNP-BC;Erin L. Keels, DNP, APRN-CNP, NNP-BCaNational Association of Neonatal Nurses, Chicago, IllinoisbNationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OhioSearch for other works by this author on:Jay P. Goldsmith, MD, FAAPJay P. Goldsmith, MD, FAAPcDepartment of Pediatrics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LouisianaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Optimizing Resources in Children’s Surgical Care: An Update on the American College of Surgeons’ Verification Programp599-606ByKasper S. Wang, MD, FAAP;Kasper S. Wang, MD, FAAPaDivision of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California and Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CaliforniaSearch for other works by this author on:James Cummings, MD, FAAP;James Cummings, MD, FAAPbAlbany Medical Center, Albany, New YorkSearch for other works by this author on:Ann Stark, MD, FAAP;Ann Stark, MD, FAAPcDepartment of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for other works by this author on:Constance Houck, MD, MPH, FAAP;Constance Houck, MD, MPH, FAAPdDivision of Perioperative Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for other works by this author on:Keith Oldham, MD, FAAP;Keith Oldham, MD, FAAPeChildren’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WisconsinSearch for other works by this author on:Catherine Grant, BSN, RN;Catherine Grant, BSN, RNfAmerican College of Surgeons, Chicago, IllinoisSearch for other works by this author on:Mary Fallat, MD, FAAPMary Fallat, MD, FAAPgDepartment of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KentuckySearch for other works by this author on:
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Vitamin K and the Newborn Infantp607-612ByIvan Hand, MD, FAAP;Ivan Hand, MD, FAAPaDepartment of Pediatrics, NYC Health + Hospitals Kings County, Brooklyn, New YorkbDepartment of Pediatrics, SUNY-Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New YorkSearch for other works by this author on:Lawrence Noble, MD, FAAP;Lawrence Noble, MD, FAAPcDepartment of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New YorkdNYC Health + Hospitals Elmhurst, Elmhurst, New YorkSearch for other works by this author on:Steven A. Abrams, MD, FAAPSteven A. Abrams, MD, FAAPeDepartment of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TexasSearch for other works by this author on:
