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Agitation is a state of behavioral dyscontrol that manifests as excessive motor and verbal activity. It is the final common pathway for a broad range of medical and psychiatric conditions. Early recognition and effective management of agitation can prevent escalation and potential harm to the patient, family members, and health care workers. The identification of the underlying etiology guides the choice of interventions that will diminish agitation and minimize restrictive treatment measures.

The severity of agitation ranges from restlessness, irritability, crying, or confusion to loud speech, psychomotor agitation, and combative behavior. Ask how the patient’s current state of behavioral control...

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