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Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the inability of the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body. Rather than a single disease entity, CHF represents a constellation of signs and symptoms that arise from a number of processes. The most common causes of CHF in children are congenital heart disease (CHD), cardiomyopathies (genetic, acquired, and inherited metabolic or muscle disorders; infectious diseases; drugs; toxins; Kawasaki disease; and autoimmune diseases), myocardial dysfunction after surgical repair of heart defects, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Other etiologies include arrhythmias and valvular disease. Regardless of the cause of CHF, the resulting...

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