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Anemia is a hemoglobin concentration or red blood cell (RBC) mass below the normal range for a patient’s age and sex. Red blood cell mass is maintained by a homeostatic balance between RBC production and RBC destruction. When that balance is upset by decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction, or significant blood loss, the result is anemia. Mild to moderate anemia is typically managed in the outpatient setting, but severe or acute-onset anemia that overwhelms a patient’s physiologic ability to compensate may require inpatient evaluation and/or treatment. Anemia can also occur as a comorbidity in a child admitted to the...

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