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Until relatively recently, direct evaluation of a young child’s airway required the skills of a surgeon versed in rigid (open tube) bronchoscopy, with the child under general anesthesia. Flexible bronchoscopy became routinely available in the United States in 1969, but use of the technique was restricted in children because of the instruments’ size limitations. By 1980, a commercially available scope that was 3.5 mm in diameter with an integral suction channel and a tip that could be directed was being used to evaluate newborns.1  With improvements in fiberoptic technology, thinner (eg, 2.8 mm) bronchoscopes could be made without sacrificing...

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