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The heart and the lungs are intrinsically connected, functioning as a coupled unit with a shared circulatory system. Severe lung disease and abnormalities in the pulmonary vascular bed can cause cardiac alterations, and, conversely, changes in blood flow and pressures in the great vessels and pulmonary vascular bed can cause significant airway and lung changes.

Respiratory symptoms are often the initial, and sometimes the only, manifestation of cardiac disease, especially in a neonate or infant. Congestive heart failure commonly presents with tachypnea, which, if left untreated, can progress to dyspnea with intercostal and subcostal retractions. Tachypnea is initially likely due...

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