Policy Statements

Brian P. Jenssen, MD, FAAP; Susan C. Walley, MD, FAAP; Rachel Boykan, MD, FAAP; Alice Little Caldwell, MD, MPH, IBCLC, FAAP; Deepa Camenga, MD, FAAP; SECTION ON NICOTINE AND TOBACCO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT; Judith A. Groner, MD, FAAP; Jyothi N. Marbin, MD, FAAP; Bryan Mih, MD, MPH, FAAP; Lily Rabinow, MD; Gregory H. Blake, MD; Karen S. Smith; James D. Baumberger, MPP; COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE USE AND PREVENTION; Lucien Gonzalez, MD, MS, FAAP; Rita Agarwal, MD, FAAP; Joanna Quigley, MD, FAAP; Kenneth Zoucha, MD, FAAP; Christine Kurien, DO; Rebecca Ba’Gah, MD, FAAP; Renee Jarrett, MPH

COMMITTEE ON PRACTICE AND AMBULATORY MEDICINE ; M. Hackell, MD, FAAP; Yvette M. Almendarez, MD, FAAP; Abeba M. Berhane, MD, FAAP; Patricia E. Cantrell, MD, FAAP; Lisa M. Kafer, MD, FAAP; Tomitra Latimer, MD, FAAP; Katherine S. Schafer, DO, FAAP; Alisa Skatrud, MPA; Robin Warner, MD, FAAP; Robert H. Wiskind, MD, FAAP; Mackenzie Magnus, MBA, MPH; BRIGHT FUTURES PERIODICITY SCHEDULE WORKGROUP ; Patricia E. Cantrell, MD, FAAP; Alex R. Kemper, MD, MPH, MS, FAAP; Alisa Skatrud, MPA; Robin Warner, MD, FAAP; Jane B. Bassewitz, MA; Kathryn M. Janies

Mark Del Monte, JD

JoAnna K. Leyenaar, MD, PhD, MPH, FAAP; Vanessa Hill, MD, FAAP; Vinh Lam, MD, FAAP; Rebecca Stern, MD; Kristin Williams Vaughan, MD, FAAP; COMMITTEE ON HOSPITAL CARE ; Daniel A. Rauch, MD, FAAP; Samantha House, DO, FAAP; Benson Hsu, MD, MBA, FCCM, FAAP; Melissa Mauro-Small, MD, FAAP; Nerian Ortiz-Mato, MD, FAAP; Charles Vinocur, MD, FAAP, FACS; Nicole Webb, MD, FAAP; Vanessa Hill, MD, FAAP; Kimberly Ernst, MD, MSMI, FAAP; Vinh Lam, MD, FAAP; Michael S. Leonard, MD, MS, FAAP; Karen Castleberry; Nancy Hanson; Kristin Hittle Gigli, PhD, RN, CPNPAC, CCRN; Barbara Romito, MA, CCLS; S. Niccole Alexander, MPP

James M. Callahan, MD, FAAP, FACEP; Steve Baldwin, MD, FACEP; Chelsea Bodnar, MD, MPhil, FAAP; Susan Fuchs, MD, FAAP, FACEP; Steven Krug, MD, FAAP; Cynthiana Lightfoot, EMT-P; Mordechai Raskas, MD, EdM, FAAP; Stuart Weinberg, MD, FAAP; COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE ; Gregory Conners, MD, MPH, MBA, FAAP; James Callahan, MD, FAAP, FACEP; Javier Gonzalez del Rey, MD, MEd, FAAP; Toni Gross, MD, MPH, FAAP; Madeline Joseph, MD, FAAP; Lois Lee, MD, MPH, FAAP; Elizabeth Mack, MD, MS, FAAP; Jennifer Marin, MD, MSc, FAAP; Suzan Mazor, MD, FAAP; Ronald Paul, MD, FAAP; Nathan Timm, MD, FAAP; Ann Dietrich, MD; Andrew Eisenberg, MD, MHA; Cynthia Wright Johnson, MSN, RN; Cynthiana Lightfoot, BFA, NRP; Charles Macias, MD, MPH, FAAP; Brian Moore, MD, MPH, FAAP; Diane Pilkey, RN, MPH; Katherine Remick, MD, FAAP; Mohsen Saidinejad, MD, MBA, FAAP, FACEP; Sally Snow, RN, BSN, CPEN, FAEN; Mary Fallat, MD, FAAP; Terry Adirim, MD, MPH, FAAP; Michael S. D. Agus, MD, FAAP; Thomas Chun, MD, MPH, FAAP; Gregory Conners, MD, MPH, MBA, FAAP; Edward Conway, Jr, MD, MS, FAAP; Nanette Dudley, MD, FAAP; Natalie Lane, MD, FAAP; Charles Macias, MD, MPH, FAAP; Prashant Mahajan, MD, MPH, MBA, FAAP; Joan Shook, MD, MBA, FAAP; Joseph Wright, MD, MPH, FAAP; Sue Tellez; COUNCIL ON CLINICAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ; Emily Chui Webber, MD, FAAP; Sandy Lee Chung, MD, FAAP; Kevin Reid Dufendach, MD, MS, FAAP; Marvin Bruce Harper, MD, FAAP; Brandan P. Kennedy, MD, FAAP; Eli Matthew Lourie, MD, FAAP; Heather C. O’Donnell, MD, FAAP; Reza Sadeghian, MD, MBA, MSc, FAAP; Eric Shelov, MD, MBI, FAAP; Srinivasan Suresh, MD, MBA, FAAP; Andrew Michael Wiesenthal, MD, SM, FAAP; Francis Dick-Wai Chan, MD, FAAP; Han Yu (Stephanie) Liou, MD; Gregg M. Alexander, DO; Eric L. Beyer, MD, FAAP; Anne B. Francis, MD, FAAP; Alexander M. Hamling, MD, MBA, FAAP; Eric G. Handler, MD, MPH, FAAP; Timothy D. Johnson, DO, MMM; Eric Steven Kirkendall, MD, MBI, FAAP; Donald E. Lighter, II, MD, MBA, FAAP; Ann M. Mann, MD, FAAP; Stephen James Morgan, MD, FAAP; Stuart T. Weinberg, MD, FAAP; Jeffrey Alan Wright, MD, FAAP; Dale Clark Alverson, MD, FAAP; Mordechai Raskas, MD, EdM, FAAP; Melissa Sarah Van Cain, MD, FAAP; Lisa Krams; COUNCIL ON CHILDREN AND DISASTERS ; Steven Krug, MD, FAAP; Sarita Chung, MD, FAAP; Carl Baum, MD, FACMT, FAAP; Deanna Dahl Grove, MD, FAAP; Dele Davies, MD, MS, MHCM, FAAP; Eric Dziuban, MD, DTM, CPH, FAAP; Aaron Gardner, MD, MS, FAAP; Stephanie Griese, MD, MPH, FAAP; Scott Needle, MD, FAAP; David Schonfeld, MD, FAAP; Joelle Simpson, MD, MPH, FAAP; Laura Aird, MS; AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS, PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE COMMITTEE ; Ann M. Dietrich, MD; Kiyetta H. Alade, MD; Christopher S. Amato, MD; Zaza Atanelov, MD; Marc Auerbach, MD; Isabel A. Barata, MD, FACEP; Lee S. Benjamin, MD, FACEP; Kathleen T. Berg, MD; Kathleen Brown, MD, FACEP; Cindy Chang, MD; Jessica Chow, MD; Corrie E. Chumpitazi, MD, MS, FACEP; Ilene A. Claudius, MD, FACEP; Joshua Easter, MD; Ashley Foster, MD; Sean M. Fox, MD, FACEP; Marianne Gausche-Hill, MD, FACEP; Michael J. Gerardi, MD, FACEP; Jeffrey M. Goodloe, MD, FACEP; Melanie Heniff, MD, JD, FAAP, FACEP; James (Jim) L. Homme, MD, FACEP; Paul T. Ishimine, MD, FACEP; Susan D. John, MD; Madeline M. Joseph, MD, FACEP; Samuel Hiu-Fung Lam, MD, MPH, RDMS, FACEP; Simone L. Lawson, MD; Moon O. Lee, MD, FACEP; Joyce Li, MD; Sophia D. Lin, MD; Dyllon Ivy Martini, MD; Larry Bruce Mellick, MD, FACEP; Donna Mendez, MD; Emory M. Petrack, MD, FACEP; Lauren Rice, MD; Emily A. Rose, MD, FACEP; Timothy Ruttan, MD, FACEP; Mohsen Saidinejad, MD, MBA, FACEP; Genevieve Santillanes, MD, FACEP; Joelle N. Simpson, MD, MPH, FACEP; Shyam M. Sivasankar, MD; Daniel Slubowski, MD; Annalise Sorrentino, MD, FACEP; Michael J. Stoner, MD, FACEP; Carmen D. Sulton, MD, FACEP; Jonathan H. Valente, MD, FACEP; Samreen Vora, MD, FACEP; Jessica J. Wall, MD; Dina Wallin, MD, FACEP; Theresa A. Walls, MD, MPH; Muhammad Waseem, MD, MS; Dale P. Woolridge, MD, PhD, FACEP; Sam Shahid, MBBS, MPH

Toni K. Gross, MD, MPH, FAAP; Natalie E. Lane, MD, FAAP; Nathan L. Timm, MD, FAAP; COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE; Gregory P. Conners, MD, MPH, MBA, FAAP; Toni Gross, MD, MPH, FAAP; Jennifer Hoffmann, MD, FAAP; Benson Hsu, MD, MBA, FAAP; Lois Lee, MD, MPH, FAAP; Jennifer Marin, MD, MSc, FAAP; Suzan Mazor, MD, FAAP; Ronald Paul, MD, FAAP; Mohsen Saidinejad, MD, MS, MBA, FAAP; Muhammad Waseem, MBBS, FAAP; Mark Cicero, MD, FAAP; Paul Ishimine, MD, FACEP, FAAP; Andrew Eisenberg, MD, MHA; Mary Fallat, MD, FAAP; Patricia Fanflik, PhD, MFT, MS; Cynthia Wright Johnson, MSN, RN; Sara Kinsman, MD, PhD, FAAP; Cynthiana Lightfoot, BFA, NRP; Charles Macias, MD, MPH, FAAP; Katherine Remick, MD, FAAP; Sam Shahid, MBBS, MPH; Elizabeth Stone, RN, PhD, CPEN; Joseph Wright, MD, MPH, FAAP; James Callahan, MD, FAAP; Javier Gonzalez del Rey, MD, MEd, FAAP; Madeline Joseph, MD, FAAP; Elizabeth Mack, MD, MS, FAAP; Nathan Timm, MD, FAAP; Ann Dietrich, MD, FACEP; Brian Moore, MD, FAAP; Diane Pilkey, RN, MPH; Mohsen Saidinejad, MD, MBA, FAAP, FACEP; Sally Snow, RN, BSN, CPEN, FAEN; Sue Tellez

COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES ; Sean T. O’Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP; James D. Campbell, MD, MS, FAAP; Monica I. Ardura, DO, MSCS, FAAP; Ritu Banerjee, MD, PhD, FAAP; Kristina A Bryant, MD, FAAP; Mary T. Caserta, MD, FAAP; Robert W. Frenck, Jr., MD, FAAP; Jeffrey S. Gerber, MD, PhD, FAAP; Chandy C. John, MD, MS, FAAP; Athena P. Kourtis, MD, PhD, MPH, FAAP; Angela Myers, MD, MPH, FAAP; Pia Pannaraj, MD, MPH, FAAP; Adam J. Ratner, MD, MPH, FAAP; Samir S. Shah, MD, MSCE, FAAP; David W. Kimberlin, MD, FAAP; Elizabeth D. Barnett, MD, FAAP; Ruth Lynfield, MD, FAAP; Mark H. Sawyer, MD, FAAP; Henry H. Bernstein, DO, MHCM, FAAP; Cristina Cardemil, MD MPH; Karen M. Farizo, MD; Lisa M. Kafer, MD, FAAP; David Kim, MD; Eduardo López Medina, MD, MSc; Denee Moore, MD, FAAFP; Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos, MD, MPH; Laura Sauvé, MD, MPH, FAAP, FRCPS; Jeffrey R. Starke, MD, FAAP; Jennifer Thompson, MD; Melinda Wharton, MD, MPH; Charles R. Woods, Jr., MD, MS, FAAP; Jennifer M. Frantz, MPH

Alan D. Woolf, MD, MPH, FAAP; Bryan D. Stierman, MD, FAAP; Elizabeth D. Barnett, MD, FAAP; Lori G. Byron, MD, FAAP; COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE ; Alan D. Woolf, MD, MPH, FAAP; Bryan D. Stierman, MD, FAAP; Elizabeth D. Barnett, MD, FAAP; Lori G. Byron, MD, FAAP; Aparna Bole, MD, FAAP; Sophie J. Balk, MD, FAAP; Lori G. Byron, MD, FAAP; Gredia Maria Huerta-Montañez, MD, FAAP; Philip J. Landrigan, MD, FAAP; Steven M. Marcus, MD, FAAP; Abby L. Nerlinger, MD, FAAP; Lisa H. Patel, MD, FAAP; Rebecca Philipsborn, MD, FAAP; Alan D. Woolf, MD, MPH, FAAP; Lauren Zajac, MD, MHP, FAAP; Kimberly A. Gray, PhD; Jeanne Briskin; Nathaniel G. DeNicola, MD, MSc; CDR Matt Karwowski, MD, MPH, FAAP; Aaron Briggs, MD; Mary H. Ward, PhD; Paul Spire; COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES ; Yvonne A. Maldonado, MD, FAAP; Sean T. O’Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP; Monica I. Ardura, DO, MSCS, FAAP; Ritu Banerjee, MD, PhD, FAAP; Kristina A Bryant, MD, FAAP; James D. Campbell, MD, MS, FAAP; Mary T. Caserta, MD, FAAP; Chandy C. John, MD, MS, FAAP; Jeffrey S. Gerber, MD, PhD, FAAP; Athena P. Kourtis, MD, PhD, MPH, FAAP; Adam J. Ratner, MD, MPH, FAAP; José R. Romero, MD, FAAP; Samir S. Shah, MD, MSCE, FAAP; Kenneth M. Zangwill, MD, FAAP; David W. Kimberlin, MD, FAAP; Elizabeth D. Barnett, MD, FAAP; Ruth Lynfield, MD, FAAP; Mark H. Sawyer, MD, FAAP; Henry H. Bernstein, DO, MHCM, FAAP; Karen M. Farizo, MD; Lisa M. Kafer, MD, FAAP; David Kim, MD; Eduardo López Medina, MD, MSc; Denee Moore, MD, FAAFP; Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos, MD, MPH, FAAP; Laura Sauvé, MD, MPH, FRCPS; Neil S. Silverman, MD; Jeffrey R. Starke, MD, FAAP; Kay M. Tomashek, MD, MPH, DTM; Melinda Wharton, MD, MPH; Jennifer M. Frantz, MPH

James M. Perrin, MD, FAAP; Patricia Flanagan, MD, FAAP; Julie Katkin, MD, FAAP; Greg Barabell, MD, FAAP; Jonathan Price, MD, FAAP; Committee on Child Health Financing ; Sandy L. Chung, MD, FAAP, FACHE; Alison A. Galbraith, MD, FAAP; Angelo P. Giardino, MD, PhD, FAAP; William Moskowitz, MD, FAAP; Stephen A. Pearlman, MD, MSHQS, FAAP; Renee Turchi, MD, MPH, FAAP

Cora C. Breuner, MD, MPH, FAAP; Elizabeth M. Alderman, MD, FSAHM, FAAP; Jennifer A. Jewell, MD, MS, FAAP; COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE ; Cora C. Breuner, MD, MPH, FAAP; Elizabeth M. Alderman, MD, FSAHM, FAAP; Jennifer Jewell, MD, FAAP; Elise Berlan, MD, FAAP; Richard J. Chung, MD, FAAP; Michael Colburn, MD, MEd, FAAP; Laura K. Grubb, MD, MPH, FAAP; Janet Lee, MD, FAAP; Stephenie B. Wallace, MD, MSPH, FAAP; Makia Powers, MD, MPH; Krishna K. Upadhya, MD, FAAP; Anne-Marie Amies, MD; Liwei L. Hua, MD, PhD; Ellie Vyver, MD; Seema Menon, MD; Lauren B. Zapata, PhD, MSPH; Maria Rahmandar, MD, FAAP; Karen Smith; James Baumberger, MPP; COMMITTEE ON HOSPITAL CARE ; Daniel A. Rauch, MD, FAAP; Samantha House, DO, FAAP; Benson Hsu, MD, MBA, FCCM, FAAP; Melissa Mauro-Small, MD, FAAP; Nerian Ortiz-Mato, MD, FAAP; Charles Vinocur, MD, FAAP, FACS; Nicole Webb, MD, FAAP; Kimberly Ernst, MD, MSMI, FAAP; Vinh Lam, MD, FAAP; Michael S. Leonard, MD, MS, FAAP; Karen Castleberry; Nancy Hanson; Kristin Hittle Gigli, PhD, RN, CPNP-AC, CCRN; Barbara Romito, MA, CCLS; S. Niccole Alexander, MPP

Lois K. Lee, MD, MPH, FAAP; Eric W. Fleegler, MD, MPH, FAAP; Monika K. Goyal, MD, MSCE, FAAP; Kiesha Fraser Doh, MD, FAAP; Danielle Laraque-Arena, MD, FAAP; Benjamin D. Hoffman, MD, FAAP; THE COUNCIL ON INJURY, VIOLENCE, AND POISON PREVENTION

Madeline M. Joseph, MD, FAAP, FACEP; Prashant Mahajan, MD, MPH, MBA; Sally K. Snow, BSN, RN, CPEN, FAEN; Brandon C. Ku, MD; Mohsen Saidinejad, MD, MS, MBA; the AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE COMMITTEE, and EMERGENCY NURSES ASSOCIATION PEDIATRIC COMMITTEE

Charles A. Jennissen, MD, FAAP; Gerene M. Denning, PhD; Mary E. Aitken, MD, MPH, FAAP; THE COUNCIL ON INJURY, VIOLENCE, AND POISON PREVENTION

Jesse M. Hackell, MD, FAAP; Sheila L. Palevsky, MD, MPH, FAAP; Micah Resnick, MD, FAAP; COMMITTEE ON PRACTICE AND AMBULATORY MEDICINE, COUNCIL ON CLINICAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, SECTION ON EARLY CAREER PHYSICIANS