... patients and families succeed in their growth and development.  Take the time to understand how resiliency and trauma also play a role in a patient’s ecosystem (although these topics will not be directly covered in this module).  Keywords: poverty ; bullying ; immigration status ; domestic violence...)

... of obesity in different races/ethnicities demonstrating the disparities. Higher obesity rates are seen in populations that are directly affected by structural racism which leads to inequalities in poverty, unemployment, and homeownership. Racism and adverse childhood events also correlate to obesity given...)

... increases seen among children in the lowest poverty and household education groups. ¹⁵¹ Although often considered an accessory to mealtime intake, snacking occasions contribute more energy to young children’s diets than any other single meal. In 2013–2014, US children 2 through 5 years of age...)

... infections, and other chronic health conditions). Especially vulnerable to developmental and/or behavioral problems are those negatively affected by the social determinants of health and other adverse childhood or family experiences such as children in poverty 24 ; children exposed to racism...)

..., and negotiate with others. Play also allows children to be creative. It provides time for parents to be fully engaged with their children, to bond with their children, and to see the world from the perspective of their child. However, children who live in poverty often face socioeconomic obstacles that impede...)

... adversity but no overt symptoms, ¹⁸ children with parents who experienced significant adversity as a child, ⁸⁶ and families struggling with the social determinants of health (SDoHs) (eg, poverty leading to food or housing insecurity, ^{87 , 88} language barriers...)

... to experience some form of depression than the general population of mothers. For low-income women, rates of depressive symptoms are reported to be between 40% and 60%. There are estimates that 11% of infants in families with incomes below the federal poverty level live with a mother who has severe depression...)

... children, children living in poverty, non-Hispanic Black children, children from non–English-speaking households including immigrants and refugees, and children with special health care needs less likely to receive needed preventive oral health care. ^{2 – 5} American Indian/Alaska Native children...)

... defines a blood lead level that is at the 97.5th percentile, currently 3.5 mcg/dL, as presenting higher risk; however, no safe lead level in the blood has been identified in children. Levels vary inversely with family income. Income below the federal poverty threshold and Medicaid enrollment...)