This Policy Statement was reaffirmed December 2024.
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occurs frequently among people of all ages, including more than 6000 children annually. Pediatric cardiac arrest in the out-of-hospital setting is a stressful event for family, friends, caregivers, classmates, school personnel, and witnesses. Immediate bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the use of automated external defibrillators are associated with improved survival in adults. There is some evidence in which improved survival in children who receive immediate bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation is shown. Pediatricians, in their role as advocates to improve the health of all children, are uniquely positioned to strongly encourage the training of children, parents, caregivers, school personnel, and the lay public in the provision of basic life support, including pediatric basic life support, as well as the appropriate use of automated external defibrillators.
Introduction
Each year, more than 300 000 adults and 6000 children experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).1 Although survival rates in OHCA in both adults and children are low, the provision of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been shown to increase the rate of survival, with favorable neurologic outcome in OHCA victims of all ages.2 Schools are a potential setting for OHCA in children, adolescents, and adults. OHCA is frequently associated with an initial cardiac rhythm that is potentially treatable by using an automated external defibrillator (AED) in adults (ie, a “shockable rhythm”). Shockable rhythms, although less common in children, do occur with an increasing prevalence in older children and adolescents. The American Heart Association recommends the use of AEDs in children of all ages who have experienced OHCA until a manual defibrillator is available. Researchers have shown that the presence of AEDs in the community, training of lay people in their use, and their use during OHCA is associated with increased survival among adults with OHCA.3,–5 Training of the public is associated with increased rates of bystander CPR when OHCA occurs. Children can be taught from a young age how to seek assistance for victims of OHCA, and older children and adolescents can be taught CPR and how to use AEDs effectively.6,–8 More than 30 states currently require CPR training as a prerequisite for high school graduation. Although funding is a potential obstacle to more widespread implementation of CPR training in schools and AED installation, many innovative solutions to this have been used to overcome this barrier. Relatively small investments may yield significant improvement in survival after OHCA. Pediatricians are recognized as advocates for the health of all children and are in a unique position to advocate for increased life support training of children, parents, caregivers, school personnel, and the public, including the use of AEDs, and to be sources of such training and role models for its implementation.
Recommendations
Pediatricians should stay up-to-date on recommendations for CPR performance and pediatric basic and advanced life support, including recommendations for bystander CPR and AED use in out-of-hospital settings;
Pediatricians should support and advocate for:
Including age-appropriate life support training for children (eg, teaching young children how to seek assistance for victims of OHCA, teaching CPR to older children, and teaching CPR and AED use to adolescents) as part of the curriculum in schools beginning in the primary grades;
Providing life support training to all school personnel;
Programs that provide life support training for parents, caregivers, and the public that could be taught in schools, hospitals, and other health care organizations and by community groups;
Placement of an AED appropriate for the treatment of adults and children in every school in the community as well as training for proper AED use for school personnel and older children. AED should be placed in high schools first, and if funding is available, this could be expanded to other schools;
Placement of an AED appropriate for the treatment of adults and children near every school athletic facility and training for proper AED use for school personnel and older children; and
Funding to promote the above; and
Pediatricians should work with parents and legislators to mandate CPR training and AED placement in all public and private schools if those laws do not already exist in their state.
Drs Callahan and Fuchs were responsible for all aspects of writing and editing this statement and reviewing and responding to questions and comments from reviewers and the Board of Directors.
FUNDING: No external funding.
COMPANION PAPER: A companion to this article can be found online at www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2018-0705.
This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have filed conflict of interest statements with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through a process approved by the Board of Directors. The American Academy of Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial involvement in the development of the content of this publication.
Policy statements from the American Academy of Pediatrics benefit from expertise and resources of liaisons and internal (AAP) and external reviewers. However, policy statements from the American Academy of Pediatrics may not reflect the views of the liaisons or the organizations or government agencies that they represent.
The guidance in this statement does not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate.
All policy statements from the American Academy of Pediatrics automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time.
References
Competing Interests
POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.
Comments
Life Support Training is critical
With tremendous interest we read the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine Technical Report and Policy Statement on “Advocacy for Life Support Training of Children, Parents, Caregivers, School Personnel, and the Public”. This is incredibly important as the endeavors around public awareness, education, collaboration and specifically lay public involvement with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) use can and will save lives.
Project ADAM was created 17 years ago to do exactly what was advocated for in the AAP Emergency Medicine Policy Statement. We currently have affiliate programs in 13 states primarily based at Children’s Hospitals, directed by pediatric cardiology faculty members and implemented by Project ADAM Program Coordinators. We have focused on providing free consultations to schools and other child-related organizations, raising awareness of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), teaching CPR and AED use to school staff, advocating CPR/AED education for all students prior to graduation and for AED placement in schools, planning for implementation of CPR-AED programs in all schools in the United States, establishing individualized cardiac emergency response plans (CERPs) for all schools and organizing regular SCA drills for each and every school to make sure that skills are maintained and that our schools are Heart Safe. In addition, we feel that it is critical to partner with the many school-based clinicians, health and physical educators, coaches and athletic support as well as parent and community partners. Examples of these organizations include the National Association of School Nurses (NASN), Society for Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE) the Athletic Trainers Organization (ATO), Parent Heart Watch, SADS and the Citizen’s CPR Foundation and many others. This approach has created tremendous momentum and collaboration in our endeavors, has allowed us to provide criteria for “Heart Safe Schools,” and most importantly has saved more than 140 lives since the inception of the program in 2001. It should be noted that approximately 60% of the saves have been in adults and 40% in children.
We thank you for your Policy Statement and are in full support of your recommendations. The importance of partnerships and collaboration is the key to effect a change in the extremely poor incidence of both bystander CPR and AED use, and as a consequence, the generally dismal survival outcomes of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) both in adults and in children. Fostering a community of lifesavers supported by all pediatricians, pediatric subspecialists, pediatric health practitioners, associated healthcare professionals, professional organizations, educators, school nurses, coaches and other school personnel, parents, parent groups and organizations, and community and legislative leaders, and others who will work together, will move the needle and improve the survival from OHCA, protecting our most valuable resource, our children.
Sincerely,
Stuart Berger, MD
Victoria Vetter, MD
Gwen Fosse, RN
Project ADAM Directors and Coordinators
Life Support training is critical
With tremendous interest we read the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine Technical Report and Policy Statement on “Advocacy for Life Support Training of Children, Parents, Caregivers, School Personnel, and the Public”. This is incredibly important as the endeavors around public awareness, education, collaboration and specifically lay public involvement with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) use can and will save lives.
Project ADAM was created 17 years ago to do exactly what was advocated for in the AAP Emergency Medicine Policy Statement. We currently have affiliate programs in 13 states primarily based at Children’s Hospitals, directed by pediatric cardiology faculty members and implemented by Project ADAM Program Coordinators. We have focused on providing free consultations to schools and other child-related organizations, raising awareness of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), teaching CPR and AED use to school staff, advocating CPR/AED education for all students prior to graduation and for AED placement in schools, planning for implementation of CPR-AED programs in all schools in the United States, establishing individualized cardiac emergency response plans (CERPs) for all schools and organizing regular SCA drills for each and every school to make sure that skills are maintained and that our schools are Heart Safe. In addition, we feel that it is critical to partner with the many school-based clinicians, health and physical educators, coaches and athletic support as well as parent and community partners. Examples of these organizations include the National Association of School Nurses (NASN), Society for Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE) the Athletic Trainers Organization (ATO), Parent Heart Watch, SADS and the Citizen’s CPR Foundation and many others. This approach has created tremendous momentum and collaboration in our endeavors, has allowed us to provide criteria for “Heart Safe Schools,” and most importantly has saved more than 140 lives since the inception of the program in 2001. It should be noted that approximately 60% of the saves have been in adults and 40% in children.
We thank you for your Policy Statement and are in full support of your recommendations. The importance of partnerships and collaboration is the key to effect a change in the extremely poor incidence of both bystander CPR and AED use, and as a consequence, the generally dismal survival outcomes of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) both in adults and in children. Fostering a community of lifesavers supported by all pediatricians, pediatric subspecialists, pediatric health practitioners, associated healthcare professionals, professional organizations, educators, school nurses, coaches and other school personnel, parents, parent groups and organizations, and community and legislative leaders, and others who will work together, will move the needle and improve the survival from OHCA, protecting our most valuable resource, our children.
Sincerely,
Stuart Berger, MD
Victoria Vetter, MD
Gwen Fosse, RN
Project ADAM Directors and Coordinators
www.project adam.com