Long-term Follow-up Care for Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer Survivors

Cancer is diagnosed in approximately 20 000 children and 80 000 adolescents and young adults annually in the United States.¹  Before 1970, almost all children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer died of their primary disease. However, rapid improvements in multimodal treatment regimens (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy), coupled with aggressive supportive-care regimens, have resulted in survival rates that continue to increase. The current estimated 5-year overall survival rate for childhood, adolescent, and young adult malignancies exceeds 80%,²  which translates into increasing numbers of long-term survivors, now estimated to approach 500 000 in the United States, who may seek ongoing care from community primary and subspecialty providers.³  The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, the largest and most extensively characterized cohort of 5-year survivors of childhood cancer in North America, reported that survivors receive most of their care from primary care providers.⁴  Furthermore, the proportion of survivors reporting survivor-focused care that includes regular risk-based surveillance and prevention strategies related to their previous cancer and its treatment decreases with increasing time from cancer diagnosis. Thus, primary care providers (pediatricians, family practitioners, internists, practitioners trained in internal medicine and pediatrics, and advanced practice providers) are likely to have an increasingly vital role in caring for this rapidly growing population.

Cancer and its treatment may result in a variety of physical and psychosocial effects that predispose long-term survivors to excess morbidity and early mortality when compared with the general population.^5–10  Virtually every organ system can be affected by the chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and/or immunotherapy required to achieve a cure. Late complications of treatment may include problems with organ function, growth and development, neurocognitive function and academic achievement, and the potential for additional cancers. Cancer and its treatment also have psychosocial consequences that may adversely affect family and/or peer relationships, educational attainment (both formal and practical knowledge gained from real-world experience), vocational and employment opportunities, and insurance and health care access. In addition, survivors may experience troubling body image changes or suffer from chronic symptoms (eg, fatigue, dyssomnia, pain) that adversely affect emotional health and quality of life. A young person’s and a family’s lives are forever changed when touched by the cancer experience, and it is critical to provide rehabilitation services to survivors who highly value good health and unrestricted performance status. Equally important is reaching out to young adult survivors who may be separated from their families and face more challenges in adhering to healthy lifestyles and accessing health care services.

Late effects after childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer are common. Two of every 3 childhood cancer survivors will develop at least 1 late-onset therapy-related complication; in 1 of every 4 cases, the complication will be severe or life-threatening.^6,11  Among clinically ascertained cohorts, the prevalence of late effects is higher because of the subclinical and undiagnosed conditions detected by screening and surveillance measures.⁸  Childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors, therefore, require ongoing comprehensive long-term follow-up care to optimize long-term outcomes by successfully monitoring for and treating the late effects that may occur as a result of previous cancer therapies, as well as anticipatory guidance and health promotion efforts addressing primary and secondary prevention of chronic disease. Access to care and services that address health risks predisposed by cancer and its treatment can optimize achievement of independent living, employment, and insurance access, which is particularly important for a population at risk for multimorbidity.

Because health risks associated with cancer are unique to the age at treatment and specific therapeutic modality, it is important that follow-up evaluations and health screening be individualized on the basis of treatment history. To facilitate comprehensive and systematic follow-up of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors, the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) organized exposure-based health screening guidelines. This clinical report presents pediatricians and other health care professionals with guidance for providing high-quality long-term follow-up care and health supervision for survivors of pediatric, adolescent, and young adult malignancies by incorporating long-term follow-up guidelines developed by the COG into their practice¹²  and by maintaining ongoing interaction with oncology subspecialists to facilitate communication regarding any changes in follow-up recommendations specific to the cancer survivors under their care.

The COG is a cooperative clinical trials group supported by the National Cancer Institute with more than 200 member institutions. In January 2002, at the request of the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine), a multidisciplinary panel within the COG initiated the process of developing comprehensive risk-based, exposure-related recommendations for screening and management of late treatment-related complications potentially resulting from therapy for childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers. The resulting comprehensive resource, the Children’s Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers (COG LTFU Guidelines),¹²  is designed to raise awareness of the risk of late treatment-related sequelae to facilitate early identification and intervention for these complications, standardize follow-up care, improve quality of life, and provide guidance to health care professionals, including pediatricians, who supervise the ongoing care of young cancer survivors.

The COG LTFU Guidelines are designed for use in asymptomatic childhood, adolescent, and young adult survivors presenting for routine health maintenance at least 2 years after completion of cancer-directed therapy (eg, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy), whether the survivor is receiving care in a pediatric cancer center, a specialized adolescent-young adult program, an adult-focused oncology program, a long-term follow-up program, or community primary care practice. The guidelines are not designed for primary cancer-related surveillance, which is an important component of survivorship care that generally continues under the guidance of the treating oncologist throughout the period when the patient remains at highest risk of relapse but may ultimately be transferred to community primary care providers (pediatricians, family physicians, internists, practitioners trained in internal medicine and pediatrics, and advanced practice providers). This period of risk varies depending on diagnosis and is generally highest in the first few years, with the risk decreasing significantly as time from diagnosis lengthens.

The methodology used in developing these guidelines has been described elsewhere.¹²  Briefly, evidence for development of the COG LTFU Guidelines was collected by conducting a complete search of the medical literature for the previous 20 years via Medline. A panel of experts in the late effects of childhood and adolescent cancer treatment then reviewed and scored the guidelines using a modified version of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Categories of Consensus system. Task forces within the COG monitor the literature on an ongoing basis and provide recommendations for guideline revision as new information becomes available. These task forces include general pediatricians and other primary care providers to incorporate a primary care perspective and facilitate effective dissemination of these guidelines into the real-world setting.

The COG LTFU Guidelines are updated on an every-5-year cycle to ensure that recommendations reflect currently available evidence published in peer-reviewed journals. Multidisciplinary system-based task forces (>160 COG members) are responsible for monitoring the late effects literature, performing systematic searches, summarizing and evaluating the evidence, and presenting recommendations for guideline revisions to a multidisciplinary panel of late effects experts. Task force activities involve senior leaders who mentor early career physicians and other health care professionals in acquiring the leadership and methodologic skills to sustain guideline activities as a task force chair or member. A formal training program has been developed that includes a series of webinars (available live and recorded and archived on COG Web site) and one-on-one mentorship activities with COG LTFU Guideline task force chairs and leadership.

The COG LTFU Guidelines is an online resource (available at www.survivorshipguidelines.org). The COG LTFU Guidelines Version 5.0 features 165 sections of risk-based exposure-related clinical practice guidelines for screening and management of late effects resulting from treatment of pediatric malignancies related to any cancer experience, blood product transfusion, specific chemotherapeutic agents, radiation exposures to targeted tissues and/or organs, hematopoietic cell transplant (as well as transplant with chronic graft-versus-host disease), specific surgical procedures, and adult-onset cancer screening for standard and high-risk groups. Version 5.0 features key changes, including guideline recommendations and content based on new research related to thresholds and risk factors for cardiovascular toxicity after treatment with anthracycline chemotherapy and chest radiation, prevalence data regarding pregnancy-associated cardiomyopathy, prevalence data related to occurrence of multiple hormonal deficiencies among survivors treated with cranial irradiation, and improved risk estimates about the contribution of radiation dose and treatment volume to risk of developing subsequent breast and colorectal carcinomas. In addition, previous radiation threshold doses linked to specific screening recommendations have been removed for all but 5 sections because organ dosimetry is often not available to guide implementation of screening. This approach provides uniform screening recommendations for survivors with target organs receiving radiation exposure at any dose, which the expert panel agreed was reasonable considering that the screening recommendations focus primarily on history and physical examination, with only limited recommendation for laboratory or other diagnostic evaluations. Finally, the guideline format has been substantially simplified to provide clinical users with concise presentation of specific therapeutic exposures, potential late effects, screening recommendations, and relevant counseling and educational resources for the provider and survivors. Each guideline section features a brief summary of patient characteristics (eg, age, sex, preexisting or comorbid conditions, behavioral, etc) that have been reported to modify the risk of specific late effects and cancer- and treatment-related factors important for consideration in the delivery of personalized survivor-focused care,¹³  clarifying information about the potential late effect or surveillance recommendations and representative references. The simplified guideline content is also featured in the Passport for Care, a Web-based resource that facilitates the generation of a personalized surveillance plan based on the COG LTFU Guidelines available at https://cancersurvivor.passportforcare.org/.¹⁴ 

This revised clinical report, “Long-term Follow-up Care for Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer Survivors,” has been updated to enhance awareness among health care providers about the content and scope of this comprehensive resource and to offer time-efficient methods of using the large amount of valuable information in the COG LTFU Guidelines to streamline the provision of care for these survivors. Table 1 provides a summary of selected treatment exposures and associated late effects by organ system as outlined in the COG LTFU Guidelines. Figure 1 provides an example of an exposure-based recommendation from the COG LTFU Guidelines. Full details about 155 cancer treatment–related potential biomedical and psychosocial late effects, surveillance recommendations, patient educational materials, and other resources and Web sites pertinent to the specific health risks are available at www.survivorshipguidelines.org.

Malignancies presenting in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood encompass a spectrum of diverse histologic subtypes that have been managed with heterogeneous and evolving treatment approaches. Over the last 20 years, treatment protocols for localized and biologically favorable presentations of cancers have been modified substantially to reduce the risk of therapy-related complications. Conversely, therapy has been intensified for many advanced and biologically unfavorable cancers to optimize disease control and long-term survival. Thus, not all childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors have similar risks of late treatment effects, including those with the same diagnosis. Importantly, cancer treatment strategies continue to evolve as a result of discoveries in cancer biology and therapeutics as well as improved understanding about late effects.

In general, the risk of late effects is directly proportional to the intensity of therapy required to achieve and maintain disease control. Longer treatment with higher cumulative doses of chemotherapy and radiation, multimodal therapy, and relapse therapy increases the risk of late treatment effects. Specifically, the risk of late effects is related to the type and intensity of cancer therapy (eg, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant) and the patient’s age at the time of treatment. Chemotherapy most often results in acute effects, some of which may persist and cause problems as the survivor ages. Many radiation-related effects on growth and development, organ function, and carcinogenesis may not manifest until many years after cancer treatment. The young child is especially at risk for delayed treatment toxicity, affecting linear growth, skeletal maturation, intellectual function, sexual development, and organ function. It is important that health care professionals who provide care across a continuum of developmental periods also recognize that childhood cancer survivors face unique vulnerabilities related to their age at diagnosis and treatment. Table 2 provides examples of clinical and treatment factors that influence the risk of specific late effects after treatment of a common childhood (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and adolescent-young adult (osteosarcoma) cancer. The diversity and potential interplay of factors contributing to cancer-related morbidity are further illustrated in the case presentations summarized in Table 3.

Risk-based care involving a systematic plan for lifelong screening, surveillance, and prevention that incorporates risks on the basis of previous cancer, cancer therapy, genetic predispositions, lifestyle behaviors, and comorbid health conditions is recommended for all survivors.¹³  Information critical to the coordination of risk-based care includes the date of cancer diagnosis, cancer histology, organs and/or tissues affected by cancer, and specific treatment modalities (such as surgical procedures, chemotherapeutic agents, and radiation treatment fields and doses) and history of bone marrow or stem cell transplant and blood product transfusion. Knowledge of cumulative chemotherapy dosages (eg, for anthracycline agents), or dose intensity of administration (eg, for methotrexate), also is important in estimating risk and screening frequency. This pertinent clinical information can be organized into a treatment summary that interfaces with the COG LTFU Guidelines to facilitate identification of potential late complications and recommended follow-up care (Fig 2). Because of the diversity and complexity of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer therapies, the treating oncology center represents the optimal resource for this treatment information. Furthermore, the need for ongoing, open lines of communication between the cancer center and the primary care provider is critical.

Coordination of risk-based care for childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors requires a working knowledge about cancer-related health risks and appropriate screening evaluations or access to a resource that contains this information. Often, late effects present as a distinct clinical entity (eg, growth failure, heart failure, academic underachievement, etc) remote from cancer diagnosis and treatment. The primary care physician should consistently consider the contribution of cancer and its treatment to physical and emotional health conditions presenting in survivors, use the COG LTFU Guidelines to identify linkages of late effects and therapeutic exposures, and consult with local pediatric oncologists and/or late effects specialists to develop a strategy for further investigation. The COG LTFU Guidelines represent a comprehensive resource that can be used to plan cancer survivorship care, as outlined in Fig 3. Individualized recommendations for long-term follow-up care of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors can be customized from the COG LTFU Guidelines on the basis of each patient’s treatment history, age, and sex into a survivorship care plan that is ideally developed by, or in coordination with, the oncology subspecialist. The survivorship care plan is a living document that is meant to be reviewed by survivors and their health care providers at least yearly and updated as new health conditions emerge and health behaviors change over time. In addition, the COG LTFU Guidelines provide information to assist with risk stratification, allowing the health care provider to address specific treatment-related health risks that may be magnified in individual patients because of familial or genetic predisposition, sociodemographic factors, or maladaptive health behaviors. The patient education materials, known as “health links,” that accompany the COG LTFU Guidelines, are specifically tailored to enhance health supervision and promotion in this population by providing simplified explanations of guideline-specific topics in lay language.¹⁵  The COG LTFU Guidelines, associated patient education materials, and supplemental resources to enhance guideline application, including clinical summary templates, can be downloaded from www.survivorshipguidelines.org. A Web-based platform that generates online therapeutic summaries with simultaneous output of patient-specific guidelines on the basis of exposure history, age, and sex is now accessible to institutions providing pediatric oncology follow-up care (https://cancersurvivor.passportforcare.org/).¹⁴ 

Pediatricians and other primary care health care professionals are uniquely qualified to deliver ongoing health care to childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors, because they are already familiar with health maintenance and supervision for healthy populations and provide care for patients with complex chronic medical conditions. The concept of the medical home has been endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics as an effective model for coordinating the complex health care requirements of children with special needs, such as childhood cancer survivors, to provide care and preventive services that are accessible, continuous, comprehensive, family centered, coordinated, compassionate, and culturally effective.¹⁶  Within this framework, the pediatrician is able to view the cancer survivor in the context of the family and to assist not only the survivor but also the parents and siblings in adapting to the new normal of cancer survivorship. The focus of care for the childhood cancer survivor seen in a primary care practice is not the cancer from which the patient has now recovered but, rather, the actual and potential physical and psychosocial sequelae of cancer and its therapy and its impact on family functioning. Childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors are at a substantially increased risk of morbidity and mortality when compared with the general population.^5–10  This updated clinical report delineates recommendations that are aimed at facilitating this vulnerable population’s access to high-quality survivorship.

Ideally, the survivorship care plan is developed through a shared partnership that includes the primary care and oncology subspecialty providers, the survivor, and the family. Community providers can request a cancer treatment summary and survivorship care plan from the oncology center if this is not provided at the time that the survivor transitions back to the primary care setting. If a survivorship care plan is not provided by the primary oncology team, COG-affiliated subspecialty survivorship clinics can be consulted for assistance in coordinating survivorship care.¹⁷  In addition to the COG LTFU Guideline recommendations for late effects screening, the ideal survivorship care plan delineates provider(s) who will be coordinating the indicated screening evaluations and identifies provider(s) responsible for communicating and explaining the results to the patient and/or caregivers.

Although late treatment effects can be anticipated in many cases on the basis of therapeutic exposures, the risk to an individual patient is modified by multiple factors. The patient with cancer may present with premorbid health conditions that influence tolerance to therapy and increase the risk of treatment-related toxicity. Cancer-related factors, including histology, tumor site, and tumor biology and/or response, often dictate treatment modality and intensity. Patient-related factors, such as age at diagnosis and sex, may affect the risk of several treatment-related complications. Sociodemographic factors, such as household income, educational attainment, and socioeconomic status, often influence access to health insurance, remedial services, and appropriate risk-based health care. Organ senescence in aging survivors may accelerate presentation of age-related health conditions in survivors with subclinical organ injury or dysfunction resulting from cancer treatment. Genetic or familial characteristics may also enhance susceptibility to treatment-related complications. Problems experienced during and after treatment may further increase morbidity. Health behaviors, including tobacco and alcohol use, sun exposure, and dietary and exercise habits, may increase the risk of specific therapy-related complications. The COG LTFU Guidelines can assist the physician in maintaining a balance between overscreening (which could potentially cause undue fear of unlikely but remotely plausible complications as well as higher medical costs resulting from unnecessary screening) and underscreening (which could miss potentially life-threatening complications, thus resulting in lost opportunities for early intervention that could minimize morbidity).

The follow-up evaluations of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors should be individualized on the basis of their treatment history and may include screening for such potential complications as thyroid or cardiac dysfunction, second malignant neoplasms, neurocognitive difficulties, and many others.¹³  In addition, providers should be mindful of the psychosocial late effects experienced by youth treated for cancer, particularly those that may affect educational and vocational progress, because provider advocacy and intervention can facilitate survivor access to remedial resources and programs in 504 and individual education plans and vocational training.¹⁸  Likewise, because emotional health and family functioning may be affected by the cancer experience, proactive assessment of and referral to mental health services are important to optimize the quality of survivorship. Finally, personalized risk assessment would not be complete without consideration of socioeconomic and community factors that may affect access to survivorship resources and health care.

In addition to screening for late effects predisposed by previous therapeutic exposures, promotion of physical and mental health and well-being as part of a healthy lifestyle is an important aspect of long-term follow-up care in this population. Numerous investigations have shown that survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer have a high rate of chronic health conditions when followed long-term,^6,8  yet many lack awareness of their treatment-related health risks.^19–21  For this reason, it is recommended that health care professionals provide anticipatory guidance regarding health promotion and disease prevention aimed at minimizing the risk of future morbidity and mortality attributable to chronic physical and mental health conditions. For example, counseling survivors who are at risk for obesity, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis about the importance of adhering to healthful dietary guidelines, limiting sedentary lifestyle with or without screen time, and having regular physical activity is important. Education about cancer- and disease-prevention benefits offered through vaccination can also reduce health risks.

Adolescent and young adult survivors need appropriate knowledge, skills, and opportunities to learn and make decisions about their own health maintenance needs, their potential physical and mental health risks, recommended health screening related to these risks, the impact of health behaviors on physical and mental health risks, and strategies to reduce health risks. Collaboration between the oncology and primary care teams can help to ensure that survivors’ educational needs are addressed. Innovative electronic and mobile health platforms represent evolving technologies that can be leveraged to educate and empower survivors preparing for health care transitions by promoting self-management of chronic health conditions and connecting them with survivorship communities and resources.²²  The COG LTFU Guidelines can be used as a resource to facilitate targeted education regarding cancer and treatment-related health risks and health promotion. The COG LTFU Guideline health links (available at www.survivorshipguidelines.org) can be printed for distribution in the primary care office setting and are available for viewing by patients and their caregivers on the Internet.¹⁵  In this process, it is important for health care professionals to be aware that some survivors, given their young age at diagnosis, may not remember their cancer diagnosis or the treatment that they received or may not have been told about their cancer history.^23–25 

Ensuring a smooth transition from pediatric to adult-oriented health care services poses additional challenges in the care of childhood cancer survivors as they age out of the pediatric health care system. Because adults treated for childhood cancer represent a rare population in primary care practices, practical and educational efforts of clinicians may be focused on more prevalent primary care issues. Consequently, family physicians, internists, practitioners trained in internal medicine and pediatrics, and advanced practice providers, who ultimately assume care of most adults treated for childhood cancer, endorse low comfort levels and a desire for resources and guidance in managing survivors.^26,27  These data underscore the importance of communication between oncology and primary care providers in health care transition planning. Pretransition planning is a critical element in the successful transition from pediatric to adult-oriented health care for all adolescents and young adults with special health care needs, including cancer survivors. The medical home model provides a strong foundation for this planning.²⁸  The updated American Academy of Pediatrics clinical report “Supporting the Health Care Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood in the Medical Home” emphasizes the critical role of adult care clinicians in accepting and partnering with young adults to optimize health care transitions.²⁹  In addition, the report provides practical guidance on the key elements of transition planning and implementation for medically vulnerable populations. For childhood cancer survivors, a pretransition plan ideally outlines the roles of the patient, family, subspecialty, and community health care providers in the ongoing care of the survivor to ensure a successful transition. Importantly, in this process, providers should respect the evolving autonomy and privacy concerns of adolescents and young adults in health care discussions and decision-making, particularly related to sexual and reproductive health, which may be adversely affected by the cancer experience in some survivors.^30,31 

Laws that extend medical coverage into young adulthood can facilitate survivors’ access to timely, high-quality, and affordable survivorship care.³²  This is particularly relevant because survivors experience increased risk for multimorbidity as they age, and health conditions often present at a younger age at onset compared with individuals who have not had cancer. For example, primary care providers may not be aware of the need for early initiation of breast cancer surveillance among young adult women treated with chest radiation for childhood cancer. Delineating this risk in the survivorship care plan and providing appropriate letters of medical necessity can facilitate awareness by providers and insurance coverage of recommended surveillance imaging.³³  Finally, considering research demonstrating that a substantial proportion of young adult survivors are uninsured or underinsured, transition planning should identify community resources to address medical needs, including emotional health and rehabilitation services. Payers should facilitate communication among providers in the design of their provider networks and by adequate payment for care coordination.³⁴ 

Given the high incidence of late effects experienced by cancer survivors, individuals treated for cancer during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood require long-term follow-up care from knowledgeable providers so that their care is appropriately tailored to their specific treatment-related risk factors. Models of survivorship care vary substantially across clinical settings on the basis of resource availability. Because multidisciplinary late effects clinics are not consistently accessible to or used by cancer survivors, pediatricians and other primary care providers represent critical participants in delivery of survivorship care.^35,36  The COG LTFU Guidelines provide a readily accessible resource to address knowledge deficits related to health risks associated with treatment of childhood, adolescent, or young adult cancer. Availability of this resource is particularly important as the population of long-term survivors continues to increase as a result of the effectiveness of contemporary treatment approaches.

Ultimately, the goal of this clinical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics is to increase the awareness of general pediatricians and other primary health care professionals regarding the readily available resource of the COG LTFU Guidelines and the ability to consult with multidisciplinary long-term follow-up clinics for childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors. These guidelines can, in turn, be used to develop a comprehensive yet individualized survivorship care plan for each cancer survivor who can be supported to work toward a planned transition to adult health care providers in primary and specialty care.

The survivorship care plan is a road map for primary health care professionals for providing risk-based long-term follow-up care in the community setting. Ongoing communication between the cancer center and the primary care provider is the cornerstone for providing high-quality care to this vulnerable patient population.

Smita Bhatia, MD, MPHJacqueline Casillas, MD, MSHSMelissa M. Hudson, MD, FAAPWendy Landier, PhD, RN, CPNP

Smita Bhatia, MD, MPHJacqueline Casillas, MD, MSHSMelissa M. Hudson, MDWendy Landier, PhD, RN, CPNP

Zora R. Rogers, MD, FAAP, ChairpersonCarl Allen, MD, PhD, FAAPJames Harper, MD, FAAPJeffrey Hord, MD, FAAPJuhi Jain, MD, FAAPAnne Warwick, MD, MPH, FAAPCynthia Wetmore, MD, PhD, FAAPAmber Yates, MD, FAAP

Jeffrey Lipton, MD, PhD, FAAPHope Wilson, MD, FAAP

David Dickens, MD, FAAP – Alliance for Childhood Cancer

Suzanne Kirkwood, MS

Patrick Leavey, MD, FAAP (President)Amy Billett, MD, FAAPJorge DiPaola, MDDoug Graham, MD, PhDCaroline Hastings, MDDana Matthews, MDBetty Pace, MDLinda Stork, MDMaria C. Velez, MD, FAAPDan Wechsler, MD, PhD

Ryan Hooker, MPT

Eneida A. Mendonca, MD, PhD, FAAP, FACMI

COG

Children’s Oncology Group

COG LTFU Guidelines

Children’s Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers