Post–Rotavirus Vaccine Enteropathogen Landscape

Acute gastroenteritis is a leading cause of illness and death in young children worldwide. Before rotavirus vaccines, rotavirus was the leading cause of severe pediatric gastroenteritis, infecting nearly all children by age 5 years and causing 500,000 deaths annually worldwide. In 1998, RotaShield® (Wyeth Lederle Vaccines SA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium), the first rotavirus vaccine, was licensed and recommended, then withdrawn from the market after a year due to an elevated risk of intussusception. Rotavirus vaccines were unavailable until 2006, when Merck & Co (Rahway, NJ) introduced the 3-dose RotaTeq® vaccine. In 2008, GlaxoSmithKline (Philadelphia, PA) introduced the 2-dose Rotarix® vaccine. More recently, Rotasiil (Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Pune, India) and Rotavac® (Bharat Biotech Ltd, Hyderabad, India) obtained World Health Organization prequalification. Rotavirus vaccination, which reached 50% global coverage in 2020, resulted in 40% reductions in all-cause child mortality among target populations in high-burden settings. Since then, 2 caliciviruses—norovirus and...