American Academy of Pediatrics

TABLE 1

Summary of Food-Related Uses and Health Concerns for the Compounds Discussed in This Statement

Category	Chemical	Food-Related Use	Selected Health Concerns
Indirect food additives	Bisphenols	Polycarbonate plastic containers	Endocrine disruption³^,^–⁸
Indirect food additives	Bisphenols	Polymeric, epoxy resins in food and beverage cans	Obesogenic activity,⁹^,^–¹² neurodevelopmental disruption¹³^,^–¹⁶
	Phthalates	Clear plastic food wrap	Endocrine disruption¹⁷^,^–²⁰
		Plastic tubing, storage containers used in industrial food production	Obesogenic activity²¹^,²²
		Multiple uses in food manufacturing equipment	Oxidative stress,²³^,²⁴ cardiotoxicity²⁵^,²⁶
	Perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs)	Grease-proof paper and paperboard	Immunosupression,²⁷^,²⁸ endocrine disruption,²⁹^,^–³¹ obesogenic activity,³² decreased birth wt³³
	Perchlorate	Food packaging	Thyroid hormone disruption³⁴^,^–³⁶
Direct food additives	Nitrates and nitrites	Direct additive as preservative and color enhancer, especially to meats	Carcinogenicity,³⁷^,^–³⁹ thyroid hormone disruption⁴⁰^,⁴¹

Category	Chemical	Food-Related Use	Selected Health Concerns
Indirect food additives	Bisphenols	Polycarbonate plastic containers	Endocrine disruption³^,^–⁸
Indirect food additives	Bisphenols	Polymeric, epoxy resins in food and beverage cans	Obesogenic activity,⁹^,^–¹² neurodevelopmental disruption¹³^,^–¹⁶
	Phthalates	Clear plastic food wrap	Endocrine disruption¹⁷^,^–²⁰
		Plastic tubing, storage containers used in industrial food production	Obesogenic activity²¹^,²²
		Multiple uses in food manufacturing equipment	Oxidative stress,²³^,²⁴ cardiotoxicity²⁵^,²⁶
	Perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs)	Grease-proof paper and paperboard	Immunosupression,²⁷^,²⁸ endocrine disruption,²⁹^,^–³¹ obesogenic activity,³² decreased birth wt³³
	Perchlorate	Food packaging	Thyroid hormone disruption³⁴^,^–³⁶
Direct food additives	Nitrates and nitrites	Direct additive as preservative and color enhancer, especially to meats	Carcinogenicity,³⁷^,^–³⁹ thyroid hormone disruption⁴⁰^,⁴¹