Demographic Characteristics of Participants in This Study
| . | Discovery Set . | Validation Set . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls, n = 37 . | DG Cases, n = 50 . | Total, N = 87 . | Controls, n = 107 . | DG Cases, n = 156 . | Total, N = 263 . | |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 9.4 ± 1.7 | 9.3 ± 2.2 | 9.3 ± 2.0 | 9.3 ± 1.9 | 9.4 ± 1.9 | 9.4 ± 1.9 |
| Annual household income, n (%) | ||||||
| Less than average for state | 10 (30.3) | 9 (18.0) | 19 (22.9) | 17 (16.2) | 28 (18.2) | 45 (17.4) |
| Average for state | 1 (3.0) | 10 (20.0) | 11 (13.3) | 22 (21.0) | 29 (18.8) | 51 (19.7) |
| Greater than average for state | 22 (66.7) | 31 (62.0) | 53 (63.9) | 66 (62.9) | 97 (63.0) | 163 (62.9) |
| Breast milk exposure, n (%) | ||||||
| 0 (none) | 11 (29.7) | 15 (30.0) | 26 (29.9) | 24 (22.4) | 51 (32.7) | 75 (28.5) |
| 1 (minimal) | 4 (10.8) | 18 (36.0) | 22 (25.3) | 13 (12.1) | 57 (36.5) | 70 (26.6) |
| 2 (moderate) | 6 (16.2) | 4 (8.0) | 10 (11.5) | 27 (25.2) | 22 (14.1) | 49 (18.6) |
| 3 (exclusive) | 16 (43.2) | 13 (26.0) | 29 (33.3) | 43 (40.2) | 26 (16.7) | 69 (26.2) |
| Highest parental education, n (%) | ||||||
| High school education or GED or less | 2 (6.1) | 1 (2.0) | 3 (3.7) | 9 (8.7) | 20 (12.9) | 29 (11.2) |
| Some college or technical education or associate’s degree | 8 (24.2) | 14 (28.6) | 22 (26.8) | 28 (26.9) | 35 (22.6) | 63 (24.3) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 9 (27.3) | 15 (30.6) | 24 (29.3) | 30 (28.8) | 49 (31.6) | 79 (30.5) |
| Graduate degree | 14 (42.4) | 19 (38.8) | 33 (40.2) | 37 (35.6) | 51 (32.9) | 88 (34.0) |
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic origin | 34 (91.9) | 45 (90.0) | 79 (90.8) | 93 (86.9) | 143 (91.7) | 236 (89.7) |
| White, Hispanic origin | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (1.1) | 6 (5.6) | 3 (1.9) | 9 (3.4) |
| African American, non-Hispanic origin | 1 (2.7) | 2 (4.0) | 3 (3.4) | 2 (1.9) | 4 (2.6) | 6 (2.3) |
| Other | 2 (5.4) | 2 (4.0) | 4 (4.6) | 6 (5.6) | 6 (3.8) | 12 (4.6) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Female | 13 (35.1) | 20 (40.0) | 33 (37.9) | 52 (48.6) | 73 (46.8) | 125 (47.5) |
| Male | 24 (64.9) | 30 (60.0) | 54 (62.1) | 55 (51.4) | 83 (53.2) | 138 (52.5) |
| US region of residence, n (%) | ||||||
| North-central | 18 (48.6) | 23 (46.0) | 41 (47.1) | 58 (54.2) | 92 (59.0) | 150 (57.0) |
| South | 17 (45.9) | 24 (48.0) | 41 (47.1) | 41 (38.3) | 56 (35.9) | 97 (36.9) |
| West | 2 (5.4) | 3 (6.0) | 5 (5.7) | 8 (5.1) | 8 (5.1) | 16 (6.1) |
| . | Discovery Set . | Validation Set . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls, n = 37 . | DG Cases, n = 50 . | Total, N = 87 . | Controls, n = 107 . | DG Cases, n = 156 . | Total, N = 263 . | |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 9.4 ± 1.7 | 9.3 ± 2.2 | 9.3 ± 2.0 | 9.3 ± 1.9 | 9.4 ± 1.9 | 9.4 ± 1.9 |
| Annual household income, n (%) | ||||||
| Less than average for state | 10 (30.3) | 9 (18.0) | 19 (22.9) | 17 (16.2) | 28 (18.2) | 45 (17.4) |
| Average for state | 1 (3.0) | 10 (20.0) | 11 (13.3) | 22 (21.0) | 29 (18.8) | 51 (19.7) |
| Greater than average for state | 22 (66.7) | 31 (62.0) | 53 (63.9) | 66 (62.9) | 97 (63.0) | 163 (62.9) |
| Breast milk exposure, n (%) | ||||||
| 0 (none) | 11 (29.7) | 15 (30.0) | 26 (29.9) | 24 (22.4) | 51 (32.7) | 75 (28.5) |
| 1 (minimal) | 4 (10.8) | 18 (36.0) | 22 (25.3) | 13 (12.1) | 57 (36.5) | 70 (26.6) |
| 2 (moderate) | 6 (16.2) | 4 (8.0) | 10 (11.5) | 27 (25.2) | 22 (14.1) | 49 (18.6) |
| 3 (exclusive) | 16 (43.2) | 13 (26.0) | 29 (33.3) | 43 (40.2) | 26 (16.7) | 69 (26.2) |
| Highest parental education, n (%) | ||||||
| High school education or GED or less | 2 (6.1) | 1 (2.0) | 3 (3.7) | 9 (8.7) | 20 (12.9) | 29 (11.2) |
| Some college or technical education or associate’s degree | 8 (24.2) | 14 (28.6) | 22 (26.8) | 28 (26.9) | 35 (22.6) | 63 (24.3) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 9 (27.3) | 15 (30.6) | 24 (29.3) | 30 (28.8) | 49 (31.6) | 79 (30.5) |
| Graduate degree | 14 (42.4) | 19 (38.8) | 33 (40.2) | 37 (35.6) | 51 (32.9) | 88 (34.0) |
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic origin | 34 (91.9) | 45 (90.0) | 79 (90.8) | 93 (86.9) | 143 (91.7) | 236 (89.7) |
| White, Hispanic origin | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (1.1) | 6 (5.6) | 3 (1.9) | 9 (3.4) |
| African American, non-Hispanic origin | 1 (2.7) | 2 (4.0) | 3 (3.4) | 2 (1.9) | 4 (2.6) | 6 (2.3) |
| Other | 2 (5.4) | 2 (4.0) | 4 (4.6) | 6 (5.6) | 6 (3.8) | 12 (4.6) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Female | 13 (35.1) | 20 (40.0) | 33 (37.9) | 52 (48.6) | 73 (46.8) | 125 (47.5) |
| Male | 24 (64.9) | 30 (60.0) | 54 (62.1) | 55 (51.4) | 83 (53.2) | 138 (52.5) |
| US region of residence, n (%) | ||||||
| North-central | 18 (48.6) | 23 (46.0) | 41 (47.1) | 58 (54.2) | 92 (59.0) | 150 (57.0) |
| South | 17 (45.9) | 24 (48.0) | 41 (47.1) | 41 (38.3) | 56 (35.9) | 97 (36.9) |
| West | 2 (5.4) | 3 (6.0) | 5 (5.7) | 8 (5.1) | 8 (5.1) | 16 (6.1) |
GED, General Educational Development.