T2, prenatal transportation plus developmental screening and referral.; T4, prenatal transportation plus developmental screening and referral and prenatal and infant and/or toddler nurse home visits.

Subgroup defined by youths' mothers falling into the lower half of the distribution for PR (LPR) described in the following footnote.

Average z scores of women’s intellectual functioning,²¹  mental health,²²  and sense of mastery²³  plus self-efficacy²⁴  (mastery and self-efficacy measures were standardized and averaged; self-efficacy is based on participants’ beliefs about the importance of and confidence in accomplishing key NFP behavioral objectives).

Standardized to sample: mean = 100; SD = 10.

Annual household discretionary income is based on income subsistence standards for Medicaid eligibility, reported household income, and number of individuals in the household at registration.

Persons per room.

Locally developed scale that assesses degree to which the mother experiences conflict in her relationship with this person.

Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory.⁴³ 

Average z scores of household discretionary income, housing density, and whether the head of household was employed.

Average of variables calculated in SD units from the national means of components that comprise the index of concentrated social disadvantage (percentage of block group residents: [1] below federal poverty level, [2] receiving public assistance, [3] unemployed, [4] headed by single women, [5] age <18, and [6] African American).²⁵