Clinical and Laboratory Findings by Cause of Encephalitis
| Etiology . | No. Cases . | Time From Symptom Onset to Hospitalization, d (range) . | Time From Hospitalization to Diagnosis, d (range) . | Fever, n (%) . | Rash, n (%) . | CSF Pleocytosis, n (%) . | CSF Lymphocyte, % (range) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autoimmune | |||||||
| Anti-NMDAR | 31 | 8 (0–90) | 6 (1–17) | 5 (16) | 1 (3) | 23 (74) | 91 (67–95) |
| ADEM | 18 | 5 (1–10) | 5.5 (0–43) | 13 (72) | 2 (11) | 16 (89) | 58.5 (8–93) |
| Hashimoto's | 6 | 1 (0–30) | 9.5 (0–13) | 2 (33) | 0 | 1 (17) | —a |
| Other autoimmuneb | 5 | 10 (0–60) | 32.5 (6–53) | 2 (40) | 0 | 1 (20) | —a |
| Viral | |||||||
| Herpesvirus | 20 | 2 (0–21) | 2 (1–37) | 15 (75) | 5 (26) | 18 (90) | 75 (18–92) |
| Arbovirus | 13 | 0 (4–10) | 6 (4–13) | 12 (92) | 5 (39) | 12 (92) | 52 (13–91) |
| Respiratory virusb | 10 | 1 (0–7) | 2 (1–24) | 9 (90) | 1 (10) | 5 (50) | 74 (2–83) |
| Enterovirus | 7 | 2 (1–10) | 2.5 (1–9) | 6 (86) | 0 | 7 (100) | 53 (1–96) |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus | 1 | 2 | 8 | 1 (100) | 0 | 0 | —a |
| Bacterial | |||||||
| Gram-positive bacteria | 7 | 4 (2–18) | 3 (2–9) | 6 (86) | 0 | 7 (100) | 1 (0–60) |
| Gram-negative bacteria | 3 | 3 (1–20) | 4.5 (3–6) | 2 (66) | 0 | 3 (100) | 2 (0–4) |
| B. henselae | 7 | 1 (0–7) | 6 (2–8) | 5 (71) | 2 (29) | 3 (43) | 48.5 (10–87) |
| Spotted fever group rickettsioses | 2 | 4.5 (4–5) | 30.5 (18–43) | 2 (100) | 1 (50) | 2 (100) | 35 (30–40) |
| Other infectiousb | 3 | 5 (0–30) | 2.5 (1–4) | 2 (67) | 1 (33) | 3 (100) | 37 (14–60) |
| Etiology . | No. Cases . | Time From Symptom Onset to Hospitalization, d (range) . | Time From Hospitalization to Diagnosis, d (range) . | Fever, n (%) . | Rash, n (%) . | CSF Pleocytosis, n (%) . | CSF Lymphocyte, % (range) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autoimmune | |||||||
| Anti-NMDAR | 31 | 8 (0–90) | 6 (1–17) | 5 (16) | 1 (3) | 23 (74) | 91 (67–95) |
| ADEM | 18 | 5 (1–10) | 5.5 (0–43) | 13 (72) | 2 (11) | 16 (89) | 58.5 (8–93) |
| Hashimoto's | 6 | 1 (0–30) | 9.5 (0–13) | 2 (33) | 0 | 1 (17) | —a |
| Other autoimmuneb | 5 | 10 (0–60) | 32.5 (6–53) | 2 (40) | 0 | 1 (20) | —a |
| Viral | |||||||
| Herpesvirus | 20 | 2 (0–21) | 2 (1–37) | 15 (75) | 5 (26) | 18 (90) | 75 (18–92) |
| Arbovirus | 13 | 0 (4–10) | 6 (4–13) | 12 (92) | 5 (39) | 12 (92) | 52 (13–91) |
| Respiratory virusb | 10 | 1 (0–7) | 2 (1–24) | 9 (90) | 1 (10) | 5 (50) | 74 (2–83) |
| Enterovirus | 7 | 2 (1–10) | 2.5 (1–9) | 6 (86) | 0 | 7 (100) | 53 (1–96) |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus | 1 | 2 | 8 | 1 (100) | 0 | 0 | —a |
| Bacterial | |||||||
| Gram-positive bacteria | 7 | 4 (2–18) | 3 (2–9) | 6 (86) | 0 | 7 (100) | 1 (0–60) |
| Gram-negative bacteria | 3 | 3 (1–20) | 4.5 (3–6) | 2 (66) | 0 | 3 (100) | 2 (0–4) |
| B. henselae | 7 | 1 (0–7) | 6 (2–8) | 5 (71) | 2 (29) | 3 (43) | 48.5 (10–87) |
| Spotted fever group rickettsioses | 2 | 4.5 (4–5) | 30.5 (18–43) | 2 (100) | 1 (50) | 2 (100) | 35 (30–40) |
| Other infectiousb | 3 | 5 (0–30) | 2.5 (1–4) | 2 (67) | 1 (33) | 3 (100) | 37 (14–60) |
—, not applicable.
No observations on this variable were available.
Other autoimmune causes included anti-VGKC (2), anti-GAD (2), and anti-CV2/CRMP5 (1). Respiratory viruses included influenza (n = 6), parainfluenza (n = 2), and adenovirus (n = 2). Other infectious causes included C. lusitaniae, C. neoformans, and N. fowleri.