Patient- and Provider-Specific Characteristics of ADHD Monotherapy and ADHD or Psychotropic Polypharmacy Visits
| Variable . | ADHD Monotherapy, Weighted, % (SE) . | ADHD Polypharmacy, Weighted, % (SE) . | ADHD Monotherapy Versus ADHD Polypharmacy, P . | Psychotropic Polypharmacy, Weighted, % (SE) . | ADHD Monotherapy Versus Psychotropic Polypharmacy, P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | .6954 | .0001 | |||
| Male | 67.3 (1.3) | 68.6 (2.8) | 59.8 (1.7) | ||
| Female | 32.7 (1.3) | 31.4 (2.8) | 40.2 (1.7) | ||
| Age group, y | .0004 | <.0001 | |||
| 2–3 | 0.4 (0.1)a | 0.2 (0.1)a | 0.5 (0.2)a | ||
| 4–5 | 2.3 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.5) | ||
| 6–11 | 45.8 (1.4) | 49.8 (3.2) | 26.5 (1.7) | ||
| 12–18 | 36.6 (1.3) | 42.1 (2.5) | 46.6 (1.7) | ||
| 19–24 | 15.0 (1.2) | 5.5 (1.7) | 24.8 (2.1) | ||
| Payer type | .0032 | .0031 | |||
| Private | 55.9 (1.9) | 38.5 (5.4) | 44.9 (3.7) | ||
| Medicaid | 31.0 (1.7) | 40.0 (5.0) | 35.4 (3.4) | ||
| Other | 13.1 (1.6) | 21.5 (6.5) | 19.7 (4.4) | ||
| Geographic region | .0612 | .0038 | |||
| Northeast | 16.0 (1.6) | 24.3 (6.6) | 24.1 (4.8) | ||
| Midwest | 25.8 (2.2) | 18.3 (2.9) | 22.4 (3.1) | ||
| South | 43.9 (2.6) | 44.4 (6.0) | 35.4 (4.3) | ||
| West | 14.4 (1.9) | 13.0 (3.0) | 18.1 (3.0) | ||
| Receipt of mental health counselingb | .0002 | <.0001 | |||
| No | 93.0 (1.0) | 83.5 (4.1) | 81.3 (2.9) | ||
| Yes | 7.0 (1.0) | 16.5 (4.1) | 18.7 (2.9) | ||
| Receipt of psychotherapyc | .0001 | <.0001 | |||
| No | 93.2 (0.8) | 87.3 (1.8) | 79.0 (2.1) | ||
| Yes | 6.8 (0.8) | 12.7 (1.8) | 21.0 (2.1) | ||
| Prescriber | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Pediatrician | 47.8 (2.0) | 36.5 (4.9) | 17.0 (2.4) | ||
| Psychiatrist | 16.0 (1.7) | 40.0 (6.6) | 51.0 (4.2) | ||
| Others | 36.2 (1.8) | 23.5 (3.8) | 32.0 (3.2) |
| Variable . | ADHD Monotherapy, Weighted, % (SE) . | ADHD Polypharmacy, Weighted, % (SE) . | ADHD Monotherapy Versus ADHD Polypharmacy, P . | Psychotropic Polypharmacy, Weighted, % (SE) . | ADHD Monotherapy Versus Psychotropic Polypharmacy, P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | .6954 | .0001 | |||
| Male | 67.3 (1.3) | 68.6 (2.8) | 59.8 (1.7) | ||
| Female | 32.7 (1.3) | 31.4 (2.8) | 40.2 (1.7) | ||
| Age group, y | .0004 | <.0001 | |||
| 2–3 | 0.4 (0.1)a | 0.2 (0.1)a | 0.5 (0.2)a | ||
| 4–5 | 2.3 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.5) | ||
| 6–11 | 45.8 (1.4) | 49.8 (3.2) | 26.5 (1.7) | ||
| 12–18 | 36.6 (1.3) | 42.1 (2.5) | 46.6 (1.7) | ||
| 19–24 | 15.0 (1.2) | 5.5 (1.7) | 24.8 (2.1) | ||
| Payer type | .0032 | .0031 | |||
| Private | 55.9 (1.9) | 38.5 (5.4) | 44.9 (3.7) | ||
| Medicaid | 31.0 (1.7) | 40.0 (5.0) | 35.4 (3.4) | ||
| Other | 13.1 (1.6) | 21.5 (6.5) | 19.7 (4.4) | ||
| Geographic region | .0612 | .0038 | |||
| Northeast | 16.0 (1.6) | 24.3 (6.6) | 24.1 (4.8) | ||
| Midwest | 25.8 (2.2) | 18.3 (2.9) | 22.4 (3.1) | ||
| South | 43.9 (2.6) | 44.4 (6.0) | 35.4 (4.3) | ||
| West | 14.4 (1.9) | 13.0 (3.0) | 18.1 (3.0) | ||
| Receipt of mental health counselingb | .0002 | <.0001 | |||
| No | 93.0 (1.0) | 83.5 (4.1) | 81.3 (2.9) | ||
| Yes | 7.0 (1.0) | 16.5 (4.1) | 18.7 (2.9) | ||
| Receipt of psychotherapyc | .0001 | <.0001 | |||
| No | 93.2 (0.8) | 87.3 (1.8) | 79.0 (2.1) | ||
| Yes | 6.8 (0.8) | 12.7 (1.8) | 21.0 (2.1) | ||
| Prescriber | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Pediatrician | 47.8 (2.0) | 36.5 (4.9) | 17.0 (2.4) | ||
| Psychiatrist | 16.0 (1.7) | 40.0 (6.6) | 51.0 (4.2) | ||
| Others | 36.2 (1.8) | 23.5 (3.8) | 32.0 (3.2) |
The percent was estimated from a sample size ≤30. The estimation may not be reliable.
Mental health counseling includes general advice and counseling about mental health issues and education about mental disorders. It includes referrals to other mental health professionals for mental health counseling but excludes psychotherapy; survey recording data differentiate between 0 (no services reported) and 1 (services reported).
Psychotherapy includes all treatment involving the intentional use of verbal techniques to explore or alter the patient’s emotional life to effect symptom reduction or behavior change; survey recording data differentiate between 0 (no services reported) and 1 (services reported).