American Academy of Pediatrics

TABLE 1

Children Born Into Different Levels of Poverty (n = 46 589)

Covariates	Group 1A: Household and Neighborhood Poverty at Birth (n = 2951)	Group 1B: Household Poverty Only at Birth (n = 2766)	Group 1C: Neighborhood Poverty Only (n = 5902)	Group 2: Not Born in Poverty (n = 34 970)
Covariates	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Maternal covariates during pregnancy
Moved	940 (31.9)^a	700 (25.3)^a	1155 (19.6)^a	5605 (16.0)
Received services from CFS	2350 (79.6)^a	1962 (70.9)^a	1364 (23.1)^a	4457 (12.8)
Drug or alcohol use	736 (24.9)^a	693 (25.1)^a	633 (10.7)^a	2932 (8.4)
Smoking	1513 (51.3)^a	1403 (50.7)^a	1143 (19.4)^a	4192 (12.0)
Mood or anxiety disorder	469 (15.9)^a	517 (18.7)^a	715 (12.1)	4046 (11.6)
Inadequate prenatal care	921 (31.2)^a	705 (25.5)^a	989 (16.8)^a	4525 (12.9)
Maternal covariates before and at birth of child
Less than grade 12 education	1603 (54.3)^a	1369 (49.5)^a	1071 (18.2)^a	3240 (9.3)
Social isolation	671 (22.7)^a	623 (22.5)^a	483 (8.2)^a	1374 (3.9)
Lone parent	1566 (53.1)^a	1515 (54.8)^a	606 (10.3)^a	1511 (4.3)
Age of mother at first birth
<20	1890 (64.1)^a	1696 (61.3)^a	1361 (23.1)^a	4072 (11.6)
20–29	995 (33.7)^a	1004 (36.3)^a	3666 (62.1)	21 932 (62.7)
≥30	66 (2.2)^a	66 (2.4)^a	875 (14.8)^a	8966 (25.6)
Urban neighborhood at birth of child	2601 (88.1)^a	1642 (59.4)	3918 (66.4)^a	20 659 (59.1)
Child covariates at birth
Birth order
1	814 (27.6)^a	906 (32.8)^a	2669 (45.2)^a	14 746 (42.2)
2	841 (28.5)^a	753 (27.2)^a	1862 (31.6)^a	12 909 (36.9)
3+	1296 (43.9)^a	1107 (40.0)^a	1371 (23.2)^a	7315 (20.9)
Male	1475 (50.0)	1394 (50.4)	3033 (51.4)	17 714 (50.7)
Low birth wt (<2500 g)	164 (5.6)^a	166 (6.0)^a	308 (5.2)^a	1597 (4.6)
Preterm (<37 wk)	244 (8.3)^a	237 (8.6)^a	445 (7.5)^a	2326 (6.7)

Covariates	Group 1A: Household and Neighborhood Poverty at Birth (n = 2951)	Group 1B: Household Poverty Only at Birth (n = 2766)	Group 1C: Neighborhood Poverty Only (n = 5902)	Group 2: Not Born in Poverty (n = 34 970)
Covariates	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Maternal covariates during pregnancy
Moved	940 (31.9)^a	700 (25.3)^a	1155 (19.6)^a	5605 (16.0)
Received services from CFS	2350 (79.6)^a	1962 (70.9)^a	1364 (23.1)^a	4457 (12.8)
Drug or alcohol use	736 (24.9)^a	693 (25.1)^a	633 (10.7)^a	2932 (8.4)
Smoking	1513 (51.3)^a	1403 (50.7)^a	1143 (19.4)^a	4192 (12.0)
Mood or anxiety disorder	469 (15.9)^a	517 (18.7)^a	715 (12.1)	4046 (11.6)
Inadequate prenatal care	921 (31.2)^a	705 (25.5)^a	989 (16.8)^a	4525 (12.9)
Maternal covariates before and at birth of child
Less than grade 12 education	1603 (54.3)^a	1369 (49.5)^a	1071 (18.2)^a	3240 (9.3)
Social isolation	671 (22.7)^a	623 (22.5)^a	483 (8.2)^a	1374 (3.9)
Lone parent	1566 (53.1)^a	1515 (54.8)^a	606 (10.3)^a	1511 (4.3)
Age of mother at first birth
<20	1890 (64.1)^a	1696 (61.3)^a	1361 (23.1)^a	4072 (11.6)
20–29	995 (33.7)^a	1004 (36.3)^a	3666 (62.1)	21 932 (62.7)
≥30	66 (2.2)^a	66 (2.4)^a	875 (14.8)^a	8966 (25.6)
Urban neighborhood at birth of child	2601 (88.1)^a	1642 (59.4)	3918 (66.4)^a	20 659 (59.1)
Child covariates at birth
Birth order
1	814 (27.6)^a	906 (32.8)^a	2669 (45.2)^a	14 746 (42.2)
2	841 (28.5)^a	753 (27.2)^a	1862 (31.6)^a	12 909 (36.9)
3+	1296 (43.9)^a	1107 (40.0)^a	1371 (23.2)^a	7315 (20.9)
Male	1475 (50.0)	1394 (50.4)	3033 (51.4)	17 714 (50.7)
Low birth wt (<2500 g)	164 (5.6)^a	166 (6.0)^a	308 (5.2)^a	1597 (4.6)
Preterm (<37 wk)	244 (8.3)^a	237 (8.6)^a	445 (7.5)^a	2326 (6.7)

CFS, Child and Family Services.

Significantly (at P < .05) different from Group 2.

View Large

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only