American Academy of Pediatrics

TABLE 2

Clinical Findings and Their Effects on Hospital Discharge Among Children in the Medical Conditions or ICU Cohorts, FluSurv-NET

Variable	Medical Conditions Cohort (n = 309)				ICU Cohort (n = 299)
Variable	Total	No. (%) With Characteristic	HR	P	Total	No. (%) With Characteristic	HR	P
Clinical findings within first 24 h of admission
Respiratory findings
Dyspnea	304	72 (24)	0.80	.11	288	165 (57)	0.84	.12
Apnea	304	6 (2)	1.43	.39	287	25 (9)	0.70^a	.05^a
Wheezing	303	67 (22)	0.97	.85	290	99 (34)	1.16	.18
Chest wall retractions (sub- or intercostal)	302	41 (14)	0.86	.39	289	106 (37)	1.11	.31
Nasal flaring	304	7 (2)	0.70	.36	284	37 (13)	1.04	.73
Cyanosis	304	12 (4)	1.38	.27	285	30 (11)	0.72	.07
Grunting	300	9 (3)	1.04	.91	284	24 (8)	1.07	.67
Mental status change
Lethargy or decreased activity	305	102 (33)	0.90	.41	283	99 (35)	0.98	.85
Confusion or delirium	305	17 (6)	1.03	.90	285	29 (10)	0.65^a	.02^a
Unconscious	306	5 (2)	2.11	.10	286	15 (5)	0.63	.15
Maximum respiratory rate higher than median	300	147 (49)	0.95	.69	288	142 (49)	1.03	.80
Minimum oxygen saturation <92% on room air	286	63 (22)	0.84	.21	254	125 (49)	0.79^a	.05^a
Supplemental oxygen	307	104 (34)	0.71^a	.01^a	296	230 (78)	0.60^a	<.01^a
Invasive mechanical ventilation	102	0 (0)	n/a	n/a	222	80 (36)	0.42^a	<.01^a
Respiratory/breathing treatment	303	111 (37)	0.84	.13	292	175 (60)	0.85	.17
Clinical findings at 24 h after admission
Supplemental oxygen	306	71 (23)	0.63^a	<.01^a	293	196 (67)	0.49^a	<.01^a
Invasive mechanical ventilation	66	1 (2)	0.35	.30	192	70 (36)	0.40^a	<.01^a
Respiratory/breathing treatment	302	99 (33)	0.75^a	.02^a	277	148 (53)	0.83	.12
Chest radiograph within 3 d of admission
Abnormal	309	168 (54)	0.97	.19	299	146 (49)	0.79^a	.01^a
Normal	309	58 (19)	0.75	n/a	299	125 (42)	0.60^a	n/a
Not performed	309	83 (27)	ref	n/a	299	28 (9)	ref^a	n/a
Pneumonia	309	27 (9)	0.66^a	.04^a	293	72 (25)	0.71^a	<.01^a
Extracorporeal membranous oxygenation	309	0 (0)	n/a	n/a	296	5 (2)	0.13^a	<.01^a

Variable	Medical Conditions Cohort (n = 309)				ICU Cohort (n = 299)
Variable	Total	No. (%) With Characteristic	HR	P	Total	No. (%) With Characteristic	HR	P
Clinical findings within first 24 h of admission
Respiratory findings
Dyspnea	304	72 (24)	0.80	.11	288	165 (57)	0.84	.12
Apnea	304	6 (2)	1.43	.39	287	25 (9)	0.70^a	.05^a
Wheezing	303	67 (22)	0.97	.85	290	99 (34)	1.16	.18
Chest wall retractions (sub- or intercostal)	302	41 (14)	0.86	.39	289	106 (37)	1.11	.31
Nasal flaring	304	7 (2)	0.70	.36	284	37 (13)	1.04	.73
Cyanosis	304	12 (4)	1.38	.27	285	30 (11)	0.72	.07
Grunting	300	9 (3)	1.04	.91	284	24 (8)	1.07	.67
Mental status change
Lethargy or decreased activity	305	102 (33)	0.90	.41	283	99 (35)	0.98	.85
Confusion or delirium	305	17 (6)	1.03	.90	285	29 (10)	0.65^a	.02^a
Unconscious	306	5 (2)	2.11	.10	286	15 (5)	0.63	.15
Maximum respiratory rate higher than median	300	147 (49)	0.95	.69	288	142 (49)	1.03	.80
Minimum oxygen saturation <92% on room air	286	63 (22)	0.84	.21	254	125 (49)	0.79^a	.05^a
Supplemental oxygen	307	104 (34)	0.71^a	.01^a	296	230 (78)	0.60^a	<.01^a
Invasive mechanical ventilation	102	0 (0)	n/a	n/a	222	80 (36)	0.42^a	<.01^a
Respiratory/breathing treatment	303	111 (37)	0.84	.13	292	175 (60)	0.85	.17
Clinical findings at 24 h after admission
Supplemental oxygen	306	71 (23)	0.63^a	<.01^a	293	196 (67)	0.49^a	<.01^a
Invasive mechanical ventilation	66	1 (2)	0.35	.30	192	70 (36)	0.40^a	<.01^a
Respiratory/breathing treatment	302	99 (33)	0.75^a	.02^a	277	148 (53)	0.83	.12
Chest radiograph within 3 d of admission
Abnormal	309	168 (54)	0.97	.19	299	146 (49)	0.79^a	.01^a
Normal	309	58 (19)	0.75	n/a	299	125 (42)	0.60^a	n/a
Not performed	309	83 (27)	ref	n/a	299	28 (9)	ref^a	n/a
Pneumonia	309	27 (9)	0.66^a	.04^a	293	72 (25)	0.71^a	<.01^a
Extracorporeal membranous oxygenation	309	0 (0)	n/a	n/a	296	5 (2)	0.13^a	<.01^a

Total denotes number of total nonmissing values; HRs were determined by using a single-variable Cox model; HRs <1 indicate a lower risk of discharge and longer length of hospital stay and vice versa. n/a, not applicable. ref, reference category.

Denotes a statistically significant result.

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