Characteristics of Women and Their Infants Who are Enrolled in WIC and Intended to Only Breastfeed and Not Provide Formula or Other Milks at 1 Month Old, USDA's Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2
Characteristic . | n . | Weighted % . |
---|---|---|
Total | 1080 | — |
Met breastfeeding intention at month 1a | ||
Yes | 505 | 47 |
No | 575 | 53 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Baby-Friendly Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeedingb,c | ||
Step 4: Initiated breastfeeding within 1 h of birth | ||
Yes | 661 | 62 |
No | 410 | 38 |
Missing | 9 | — |
Step 5: Show mothers how to breastfeed and maintain lactation even if separated | ||
Yes | 686 | 63 |
No | 378 | 37 |
Missing | 16 | — |
Step 6: No food or drinks other than breast milk | ||
Yes | 604 | 56 |
No | 468 | 44 |
Missing | 8 | — |
Step 7: Rooming-in | ||
Yes | 960 | 89 |
No | 119 | 11 |
Missing | 1 | — |
Step 8: Breastfeeding on demand | ||
Yes | 679 | 72 |
No | 305 | 28 |
Missing | 96 | — |
Step 9: No pacifiers given | ||
Yes | 583 | 58 |
No | 495 | 42 |
Missing | 2 | — |
Total number of steps experienced consistent with Baby-Friendly Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding | ||
0–2 | 102 | 10 |
3 | 180 | 18 |
4 | 289 | 30 |
5 | 256 | 26 |
6 | 129 | 15 |
Missing | 124 | — |
Maternal race and ethnicity | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 312 | 25 |
Non-Hispanic Black or African American | 169 | 12 |
Hispanic | 533 | 57 |
Other | 66 | 6 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Maternal age at birth, y | ||
16–19 | 111 | 11 |
20–25 | 440 | 39 |
26 and older | 529 | 51 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Maternal education | ||
High school or less | 621 | 60 |
More than high school | 453 | 40 |
Missing | 6 | — |
Breastfeeding history | ||
No breastfeeding history | 499 | 44 |
Any breastfeeding history | 581 | 56 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Type of delivery | ||
Vaginal | 750 | 69 |
Cesarean | 330 | 31 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Preterm | ||
Preterm, <37 wk | 60 | 5 |
Not preterm, 37 wk or later | 1020 | 95 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Household structure | ||
Father of baby living with mother | 655 | 62 |
Father of baby not living with mother | 425 | 38 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Household poverty leveld | ||
≤75% of poverty guideline | 652 | 60 |
76% to 130% of poverty guideline | 302 | 28 |
>130% of poverty guideline | 126 | 13 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Receiving WIC benefits for the first time | ||
Yes | 490 | 56 |
No | 590 | 44 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Characteristic . | n . | Weighted % . |
---|---|---|
Total | 1080 | — |
Met breastfeeding intention at month 1a | ||
Yes | 505 | 47 |
No | 575 | 53 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Baby-Friendly Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeedingb,c | ||
Step 4: Initiated breastfeeding within 1 h of birth | ||
Yes | 661 | 62 |
No | 410 | 38 |
Missing | 9 | — |
Step 5: Show mothers how to breastfeed and maintain lactation even if separated | ||
Yes | 686 | 63 |
No | 378 | 37 |
Missing | 16 | — |
Step 6: No food or drinks other than breast milk | ||
Yes | 604 | 56 |
No | 468 | 44 |
Missing | 8 | — |
Step 7: Rooming-in | ||
Yes | 960 | 89 |
No | 119 | 11 |
Missing | 1 | — |
Step 8: Breastfeeding on demand | ||
Yes | 679 | 72 |
No | 305 | 28 |
Missing | 96 | — |
Step 9: No pacifiers given | ||
Yes | 583 | 58 |
No | 495 | 42 |
Missing | 2 | — |
Total number of steps experienced consistent with Baby-Friendly Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding | ||
0–2 | 102 | 10 |
3 | 180 | 18 |
4 | 289 | 30 |
5 | 256 | 26 |
6 | 129 | 15 |
Missing | 124 | — |
Maternal race and ethnicity | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 312 | 25 |
Non-Hispanic Black or African American | 169 | 12 |
Hispanic | 533 | 57 |
Other | 66 | 6 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Maternal age at birth, y | ||
16–19 | 111 | 11 |
20–25 | 440 | 39 |
26 and older | 529 | 51 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Maternal education | ||
High school or less | 621 | 60 |
More than high school | 453 | 40 |
Missing | 6 | — |
Breastfeeding history | ||
No breastfeeding history | 499 | 44 |
Any breastfeeding history | 581 | 56 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Type of delivery | ||
Vaginal | 750 | 69 |
Cesarean | 330 | 31 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Preterm | ||
Preterm, <37 wk | 60 | 5 |
Not preterm, 37 wk or later | 1020 | 95 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Household structure | ||
Father of baby living with mother | 655 | 62 |
Father of baby not living with mother | 425 | 38 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Household poverty leveld | ||
≤75% of poverty guideline | 652 | 60 |
76% to 130% of poverty guideline | 302 | 28 |
>130% of poverty guideline | 126 | 13 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Receiving WIC benefits for the first time | ||
Yes | 490 | 56 |
No | 590 | 44 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
—, no percentage presented; USDA, United States Department of Agriculture.
Meeting breastfeeding intention at month 1 is defined as providing only breast milk for baby at the 1 mo survey.
Baby-Friendly Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding are based on the World Health Organization and UNICEF's Baby-friendly hospital initiative: Revised, updated, and expanded for integrated care. 2009; Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43593/1/9789241594967_eng.pdf. Accessed September 3, 2019.
Steps consistent with Baby-Friendly Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding are defined as follows, step 4: reporting breastfeeding started in the first hour after birth; step 5: showing mothers how to breastfeed or maintain lactation even if separated; step 6: reporting that breast milk was the very first thing fed to the baby after birth and only feeding breast milk at the time they left the hospital or birthing center; step 7: reporting that the baby stayed in the room with the mother while they were in the hospital or birthing center; step 8: reporting feeding the baby breast milk, either from the breast or from a bottle, whenever [he or she] cried or seemed hungry while in the hospital or birthing center; step 9: reporting that the baby was not provided a pacifier for the first time in the hospital after [he or she] was born.
Poverty guideline is defined as the 2013 poverty guidelines [Reference: US Health and Human Services. Annual update of the HHS Poverty Guidelines. Fed Regist. 2013;78(16):5182–5183].