American Academy of Pediatrics

TABLE 2

Bedtime Routines, Sleep Location and Behaviors Among Secondborn Infants of Mothers Enrolled in the INSIGHT RCT

	3 wk		16 wk		52 wk		P value
	RP (n = 51)	Control (n = 56)	RP (n = 53)	Control (n = 55)	RP (n = 53)	Control (n = 55)	Group	Time Point	Group x Time Point
Bedtime routine duration >15 to ≤45 min		—	45	41^a	52^b	48	.58	.26	.92
Bedtime routine components
Read book	—	—	32	18	74	45	.01	<.001	.36
Rocking	—	—	62	55	38	62	.27	.19	.01
Bath	—	—	53	45	77	73	.49	<.001	.67
Music	—	—	13	15	13	22	.37	.35	.35
Watch television	—	—	0	4	2	13	.04	.05	NA
Bottle feed or breastfeed	—	—	94	95	89	87	.93	.08	.86
Fed as last activity	—	—	21	31	23^c	29	.26	.88	.63
Sleep locations and behaviors
Bedtime 8PM or earlier	29	13^c	55	22	65^b	63^a	.008	<.001	.01
Sleeps in own room	16	7^c	53	49	76	76	.32	<.001	.42
Falls asleep swaddled	59	59	43	22	0	5	.31	<.001	NA
Falls asleep with pacifier	25	36	25	31	26	33	.22	.90	.91
Falls asleep with white noise	29	16	38	31	40	31	.12	.05	.70
Falls asleep being held	69	77	34	53	17	33	.02	<.001	.60
Falls asleep alone in room, in crib (self-soothes)	22	13	49	25	68	58	.02	<.001	.42
Falls asleep in ≤15 min	—	—	75	56	83	71	.02	.06	.77
Night waking
≥2 per night	94^d	95	40	42	21^b	20^a	.90	<.001	.96
≥2 night feedings	—	—	36	38^e	19^b	11^e	.48	<.001	.30
Parenting strategies when child wakes at night
Give a few minutes to fall back asleep	41	43	53	45	55	64	.81	.02	.37
Pick up and hold or rock back to sleep	25	52	26	42	21	44	<.001	.60	.69
Rub or pat but do not pick up	12	13	21	20	32	20	.51	.046	.51
Feed back to sleep	47	71	55	76	30	38	.01	<.001	.38
Give pacifier	22	41	36	45	28	40	.05	.10	.50
Change diaper	92	80	51	67	25	38	.75	<.001	.02

	3 wk		16 wk		52 wk		P value
	RP (n = 51)	Control (n = 56)	RP (n = 53)	Control (n = 55)	RP (n = 53)	Control (n = 55)	Group	Time Point	Group x Time Point
Bedtime routine duration >15 to ≤45 min		—	45	41^a	52^b	48	.58	.26	.92
Bedtime routine components
Read book	—	—	32	18	74	45	.01	<.001	.36
Rocking	—	—	62	55	38	62	.27	.19	.01
Bath	—	—	53	45	77	73	.49	<.001	.67
Music	—	—	13	15	13	22	.37	.35	.35
Watch television	—	—	0	4	2	13	.04	.05	NA
Bottle feed or breastfeed	—	—	94	95	89	87	.93	.08	.86
Fed as last activity	—	—	21	31	23^c	29	.26	.88	.63
Sleep locations and behaviors
Bedtime 8PM or earlier	29	13^c	55	22	65^b	63^a	.008	<.001	.01
Sleeps in own room	16	7^c	53	49	76	76	.32	<.001	.42
Falls asleep swaddled	59	59	43	22	0	5	.31	<.001	NA
Falls asleep with pacifier	25	36	25	31	26	33	.22	.90	.91
Falls asleep with white noise	29	16	38	31	40	31	.12	.05	.70
Falls asleep being held	69	77	34	53	17	33	.02	<.001	.60
Falls asleep alone in room, in crib (self-soothes)	22	13	49	25	68	58	.02	<.001	.42
Falls asleep in ≤15 min	—	—	75	56	83	71	.02	.06	.77
Night waking
≥2 per night	94^d	95	40	42	21^b	20^a	.90	<.001	.96
≥2 night feedings	—	—	36	38^e	19^b	11^e	.48	<.001	.30
Parenting strategies when child wakes at night
Give a few minutes to fall back asleep	41	43	53	45	55	64	.81	.02	.37
Pick up and hold or rock back to sleep	25	52	26	42	21	44	<.001	.60	.69
Rub or pat but do not pick up	12	13	21	20	32	20	.51	.046	.51
Feed back to sleep	47	71	55	76	30	38	.01	<.001	.38
Give pacifier	22	41	36	45	28	40	.05	.10	.50
Change diaper	92	80	51	67	25	38	.75	<.001	.02

P values are from generalized linear mixed model. Data are presented as % unless otherwise indicated. NA, interaction could not be tested because of a 0 count in 1 or more cells; RP, responsive parenting; —, item not asked at this age.

n = 54.

n = 52.

n = 55.

n = 50.

n = 53.

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